<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Sábado School]]></title><description><![CDATA[Bilingual brilliance, infinite reach.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eemS!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F909c6815-384c-4da2-adc5-05c1d4588a58_800x800.png</url><title>Sábado School</title><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 02:49:58 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[sabadoschool@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[sabadoschool@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[sabadoschool@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[sabadoschool@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Limpia, Fija y Members Only ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/limpia-fija-y-members-only</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/limpia-fija-y-members-only</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 08 Aug 2026 21:21:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WAef!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe14cae19-1e34-4490-92a3-a35825d8251d_2142x2856.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WAef!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe14cae19-1e34-4490-92a3-a35825d8251d_2142x2856.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WAef!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe14cae19-1e34-4490-92a3-a35825d8251d_2142x2856.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WAef!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe14cae19-1e34-4490-92a3-a35825d8251d_2142x2856.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WAef!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe14cae19-1e34-4490-92a3-a35825d8251d_2142x2856.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WAef!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe14cae19-1e34-4490-92a3-a35825d8251d_2142x2856.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Gate is Locked</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>According to 23andMe, I am fifty percent Iberian. So partly my genealogy brought me here to Spain.</span></p><p><span>Yesterday I stood in Toledo, where Arab and Spanish fortresses share the same skyline and a complicated history.</span></p><p><span>In Barcelona, I heard Catalan in every direction until strangers detected immediately that I wasn&#8217;t from around there and switched effortlessly to Castilian.</span></p><p><span>Next stop, I&#8217;m headed to Valencia chasing a total solar eclipse and hoping to find another language I can admire.</span></p><p><span>Half Iberian, and every day here I am a tourist in my own bloodline.</span></p><p><span>Today, in Madrid, I visited the one address in Spain that doesn&#8217;t just study the Spanish language, </span><strong><span>it rules on it</span></strong><span>.</span></p><p><span>Behind that door is the academy that decides which words get a headword in the Spanish dictionary and which ones are deemed slang; which usage is the correct one, and which is merely quotidian.</span></p><p><span>I am a heritage speaker with a neutral accent and US passport standing in front of the </span><em><a href="https://www.rae.es/"><span>Real Academia Espa&#241;ola</span></a></em><a href="https://www.rae.es/"><span> (RAE)</span></a><span> that for the past three centuries has decided which Spanish spoken from Madrid to Montevideo is legitimate.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h3><strong><span>The Crucible</span></strong></h3><p><span>Gold melts at 1,064 degrees Celsius.</span></p><p><span>It took that much heat to turn the</span><a href="https://mavcor.yale.edu/sites/default/files/article_pdf/floyd_emily_medium_study.pdf"><span> Inca&#8217;s Golden Garden of Coricancha</span></a><span> and the</span><a href="https://books.google.es/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=A1ooDwAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PT5&amp;dq=melted+gold+disks+that+represented+the+sun+and+the+moon+to+the+Aztec&amp;ots=55wi1WnRps&amp;sig=x6fGXrrxEq9v3YfK3zD2ybx-X8Q&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><span> sun disks sacred to the Aztecs</span></a><span> into stackable and shippable gold bars, many of which sank to the bottom of the ocean in Spanish galleons.</span></p><p><span>Language is much harder to melt. It&#8217;s not possible to pour words and syntax into a mold and pull out a static, uniform language that people will speak as prescribed.</span></p><p><span>But in 1713, a Spanish nobleman decided to try anyway.</span></p><p><span>Juan Manuel Fern&#225;ndez Pacheco, marqu&#233;s de Villena, gathered a small circle in his home in Madrid and founded the </span><em><span>Real Academia Espa&#241;ola</span></em><span> (RAE), modeled after the </span><em><span>Acad&#233;mie fran&#231;aise.</span></em></p><p><span>Two years later, in 1715, the group chose its emblem by secret vote: a crucible, or the pot used to melt metal. This crucible was set in fire, and accompanied by the motto </span><em><span>limpia, fija y da esplendor.</span></em></p><p><em><span>It cleans. It fixes. It gives splendor.</span></em></p><p><span>The RAE set out to melt and purify the language.</span></p><p><strong><span>Melting Languages in Spain</span></strong></p><p><span>The crucible&#8217;s first test was at home.</span></p><p><span>From 1707 to 1716, Felipe V who would soon charter the RAE, issued the </span><em><span>Decretos de Nueva Planta</span></em><span>, moving Castilian into the courts of Arag&#243;n, Valencia, Catalu&#241;a, and Mallorca after they had backed the losing side in the </span><a href="https://produccioncientifica.ucm.es/documentos/5d39995e2999520684443728"><span>War of Succession</span></a><span>.</span></p><p><span>Then the RAE turned its attention across the Atlantic.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Meanwhile, across the ocean</span></strong></h3><p><span>While Madrid was consolidating one Spanish&#8212;Castilian&#8212;dozens of new ones were evolving.</span></p><p><span>Spanish crossed the Atlantic on ships and met speakers of Ta&#237;no in the Caribbean, Nahuatl in Mexico, Quechua in the Andes, and the languages carried, against their will, from West and Central Africa on the same ships that would take gold back to Spain.</span></p><p><span>Several words from these contacts were integrated into Spanish. </span><em><span>Chocolate</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>aguacate</span></em><span>, Nahuatl. </span><em><span>Hurac&#225;n</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>canoa</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>hamaca</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>barbacoa</span></em><span>, Ta&#237;no.</span></p><p><span>The speakers reshaping Spanish across the Atlantic from Spain were not just lending their vocabulary. They were folding their phonology, their syntax, their rhythm and their world view into a language that could never be purely Castilian.</span></p><p><span>It took Madrid three hundred years to notice this.</span></p><p><strong><span>A century or so later, in M&#233;xico</span></strong></p><p><span>In 1875, the </span><em><span>Academia Mexicana</span></em><span> </span><em><span>de la Lengua</span></em><span> held its first sessions in Mexico City, the earliest of what the RAE referred to as </span><em><span>academias correspondientes,</span></em><span> daughter institutions, official but subordinate. The Academia Mexicana adopted the same motto:  </span><em><span>Limpia, fija y da esplendor.</span></em></p><p><span>But in M&#233;xico, Spanish had been shaped for three centuries by Nahuatl, Maya, and the African-descended communities of Veracruz. This mestizaje of language was being measured against a Castilian standard from overseas.</span></p><p><span>The Indigenous and African threads that run through Latin American and Caribbean Spanish weren&#8217;t treated as a valid component of language, but instead, they were treated like an accent.</span></p><p><span>The </span><em><span>academias correspondientes </span></em><span>followed </span><a href="https://books.google.es/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=AoeBAgAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PP1&amp;dq=Mexico%E2%80%99s+first+language+society+in+1835+to+police+barbarismos+and+vicios+&amp;ots=lCP1AEZBpB&amp;sig=f6ZX-xQgiS0XJ-GKHSCpAL5zUDM&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><span>Mexico&#8217;s first language society in 1835</span></a><span> to police </span><em><span>barbarismos</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>vicios</span></em><span> in proper Castilian, with the same purifying motive as its parent, but applied locally.</span></p><h2><strong><span>Minority Rule</span></strong></h2><p><span>Spain is home to roughly 48 million people. The Spanish language has somewhere around 500 million native speakers. So under 10% of the people who speak this language actually hail from Spain.</span></p><p><span>Yet for most of the RAE&#8217;s history, it alone decided what counted as legitimate usage.</span></p><p><span>This isn&#8217;t just linguistic asymmetry: it&#8217;s systemic.</span></p><p><span>And this carries weight. The </span><em><span>Diccionario panhisp&#225;nico del espa&#241;ol jur&#237;dico</span></em><span>, establishes the terminology that shapes contracts, court rulings, immigration paperwork, across every Spanish-speaking country.</span></p><p><span>With ninety percent of the speakers held to a standard set by the ten percent, language can become a gatekeeper.</span></p><h3><strong><span>Saying adios to RAE</span></strong></h3><p><span>Which brings me back to where I started, standing outside a building I can not enter, looking at a crucible three centuries old.</span></p><p><span>50% of my DNA comes from this soil. 0% percent of my grandmother&#8217;s </span><em><span>salvadore&#241;ismos</span></em><span> made it into the dictionary that defines her language.</span></p><p><span>That&#8217;s the work of a crucible that&#8217;s been burning for three hundred years, deciding which words get to survive the fire.</span></p><p><span>Gold bends to fire but language doesn&#8217;t melt so easily.</span></p><p><span>Espa&#241;ol will continue absorbing and mixing to become something the original crucible can not melt down.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/limpia-fija-y-members-only/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/limpia-fija-y-members-only/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2><span>Limpia, fija y solo para miembros</span></h2><p><span>Seg&#250;n 23andMe, soy cincuenta por ciento ib&#233;rica. En parte, mi genealog&#237;a me trajo hasta Espa&#241;a.</span></p><p><span>Ayer estuve en Toledo, donde las fortalezas &#225;rabes y espa&#241;olas comparten el mismo horizonte y una historia complicada.</span></p><p><span>En Barcelona, escuch&#233; catal&#225;n en cada esquina, hasta que los desconocidos notaban de inmediato que yo no era de ah&#237; y cambiaban sin esfuerzo al castellano.</span></p><p><span>Mi pr&#243;xima parada es Valencia, donde persigo un eclipse solar total y espero encontrar otro idioma que pueda admirar.</span></p><p><span>Mitad ib&#233;rica, y cada d&#237;a aqu&#237; me doy cuenta de que soy turista de mi propia sangre.</span></p><p><span>Hoy, en Madrid, vine a la &#250;nica direcci&#243;n de Espa&#241;a que no solo estudia el espa&#241;ol, sino que </span><strong><span>lo rige</span></strong><span>. </span></p><p><span>Detr&#225;s de esa puerta est&#225; la academia que decide qu&#233; palabras se ganan una entrada en el diccionario y cu&#225;les quedan condenadas a ser modismo; qu&#233; uso es el correcto, y cu&#225;l es apenas cotidiano.</span></p><p><span>Soy una hablante de herencia, con acento neutro y pasaporte estadounidense, parada frente a la </span><em><a href="https://www.rae.es/"><span>Real Academia Espa&#241;ola</span></a></em><a href="https://www.rae.es/"><span> (RAE)</span></a><span>, que lleva tres siglos decidiendo qu&#233; espa&#241;ol, desde Madrid hasta Montevideo, es leg&#237;timo.</span></p><p><strong><span>El Crisol</span></strong></p><p><span>El oro se derrite a 1.064 grados Celsius.</span></p><p><span>Se necesit&#243; ese calor para convertir el </span><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00776297.2023.2200880"><span>Jard&#237;n Dorado del Coricancha inca</span></a><span> y los </span><a href="https://mavcor.yale.edu/sites/default/files/article_pdf/floyd_emily_medium_study.pdf"><span>discos solares sagrados para los aztecas</span></a><span> en barras apilables y transportables, muchas de las cuales terminaron en el fondo del oc&#233;ano dentro de galeones espa&#241;oles.</span></p><p><span>El idioma es mucho m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de derretir. No se puede verter palabras y sintaxis en un molde y sacar un idioma est&#225;tico y uniforme que la gente hable tal como se le prescribe.</span></p><p><span>Pero en 1713, un noble espa&#241;ol decidi&#243; intentarlo de todas formas.</span></p><p><span>Juan Manuel Fern&#225;ndez Pacheco, marqu&#233;s de Villena, reuni&#243; a un peque&#241;o c&#237;rculo en su casa de Madrid y fund&#243; la Real Academia Espa&#241;ola (RAE), inspirada en la </span><em><span>Acad&#233;mie fran&#231;aise.</span></em></p><p><span>Dos a&#241;os despu&#233;s, en 1715, el grupo eligi&#243; su emblema por voto secreto: un crisol, la olla donde se funden los metales. Ese crisol ard&#237;a sobre el fuego, acompa&#241;ado del lema </span><em><span>limpia, fija y da esplendor.</span></em></p><p><span>La RAE se propuso fundir y purificar el idioma.</span></p><p><strong><span>Fundiendo idiomas en Espa&#241;a</span></strong></p><p><span>La primera prueba del crisol fue en casa.</span></p><p><span>Entre 1707 y 1716, Felipe V, el mismo rey que pronto fundar&#237;a la RAE, promulg&#243; los </span><em><span>Decretos de Nueva Planta</span></em><span>, imponiendo el castellano en los tribunales de Arag&#243;n, Valencia, Catalu&#241;a y Mallorca, despu&#233;s de que estos territorios apoyaran al bando perdedor en la </span><em><a href="https://produccioncientifica.ucm.es/documentos/5d39995e2999520684443728"><span>Guerra de Sucesi&#243;n</span></a></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>Despu&#233;s, la RAE puso la mirada al otro lado del Atl&#225;ntico.</span></p><p><strong><span>Mientras tanto, al otro lado del oc&#233;ano</span></strong></p><p><span>Mientras Madrid consolidaba un solo espa&#241;ol, el castellano, decenas de nuevos espa&#241;oles estaban naciendo.</span></p><p><span>El espa&#241;ol cruz&#243; el Atl&#225;ntico en barcos y se encontr&#243; con hablantes de ta&#237;no en el Caribe, n&#225;huatl en M&#233;xico, quechua en los Andes, y los idiomas que llegaron, en contra de su voluntad, desde &#193;frica occidental y central, en los mismos barcos que llevar&#237;an el oro de regreso a Espa&#241;a.</span></p><p><span>Varias palabras de esos encuentros se integraron al espa&#241;ol. </span><em><span>Chocolate</span></em><span> y </span><em><span>aguacate</span></em><span>, del n&#225;huatl. </span><em><span>Hurac&#225;n, canoa, hamaca, barbacoa</span></em><span>, del ta&#237;no.</span></p><p><span>Quienes reformaban el espa&#241;ol del otro lado del Atl&#225;ntico no solo prestaban vocabulario. Estaban tejiendo su fonolog&#237;a, su sintaxis, su ritmo y su cosmovisi&#243;n en un idioma que jam&#225;s volver&#237;a a ser puramente castellano.</span></p><p><span>A Madrid le tom&#243; trescientos a&#241;os darse cuenta.</span></p><p><strong><span>Un siglo despu&#233;s, en M&#233;xico</span></strong></p><p><span>En 1875, la </span><em><span>Academia Mexicana</span></em><span> </span><em><span>de la Lengua</span></em><span> celebr&#243; sus primeras sesiones en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico, la primera de lo que la RAE llamaba </span><em><span>academias correspondientes:</span></em><span> instituciones hijas, oficiales pero subordinadas. La Academia Mexicana adopt&#243; el mismo lema: </span><em><span>limpia, fija y da esplendor.</span></em></p><p><span>Pero en M&#233;xico, el espa&#241;ol llevaba tres siglos moldeado por el n&#225;huatl, el maya y las comunidades afrodescendientes de Veracruz. Ese mestizaje del idioma se med&#237;a contra un est&#225;ndar castellano llegado de ultramar.</span></p><p><span>Los hilos ind&#237;genas y africanos que atraviesan el espa&#241;ol latinoamericano y caribe&#241;o no se trataban como un componente v&#225;lido del idioma, sino como un acento.</span></p><p><span>Las academias correspondientes siguieron el camino de la primera </span><a href="https://books.google.es/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=AoeBAgAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PP1&amp;dq=Mexico%E2%80%99s+first+language+society+in+1835+to+police+barbarismos+and+vicios+&amp;ots=lCP1AEZBpB&amp;sig=f6ZX-xQgiS0XJ-GKHSCpAL5zUDM&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false"><span>sociedad de la lengua en M&#233;xico</span></a><span>, fundada en 1835 para combatir </span><em><span>barbarismos</span></em><span> y </span><em><span>vicios</span></em><span> del buen castellano, con el mismo instinto purificador de su casa matriz, aplicado localmente.</span></p><p><strong><span>Gobierna la minor&#237;a</span></strong></p><p><span>Espa&#241;a tiene alrededor de 48 millones de habitantes. El espa&#241;ol tiene cerca de 500 millones de hablantes nativos. Es decir, menos del 10% de quienes hablan este idioma son de Espa&#241;a.</span></p><p><span>Y sin embargo, durante casi toda su historia, la RAE decidi&#243; sola qu&#233; contaba como uso leg&#237;timo.</span></p><p><span>Esto no es solo una asimetr&#237;a ling&#252;&#237;stica: es sist&#233;mico.</span></p><p><span>Y eso pesa. El </span><em><span>Diccionario panhisp&#225;nico del espa&#241;ol jur&#237;dico</span></em><span> establece la terminolog&#237;a que da forma a contratos, sentencias judiciales y tr&#225;mites migratorios en cada pa&#237;s de habla hispana.</span></p><p><span>Cuando el noventa por ciento de los hablantes queda sujeto a un est&#225;ndar fijado por el diez por ciento, el idioma puede convertirse en un guardi&#225;n: decide qui&#233;n pasa y qui&#233;n se queda afuera.</span></p><p><strong><span>Despidi&#233;ndome de la RAE</span></strong></p><p><span>Lo cual me trae de vuelta a donde empec&#233;: parada afuera de un edificio al que no puedo entrar, mirando un crisol de trescientos a&#241;os.</span></p><p><span>50% de mi ADN viene de esta tierra. 0% de los </span><em><span>salvadore&#241;ismos</span></em><span> de mi abuela lleg&#243; al diccionario que dice definir su idioma.</span></p><p><span>Es el trabajo de un crisol que lleva trescientos a&#241;os ardiendo, decidiendo qu&#233; palabras sobreviven al fuego.</span></p><p><span>El oro se dobla ante el fuego. El idioma, resulta, no se derrite tan f&#225;cil.</span></p><p><span>El espa&#241;ol sigue absorbiendo, sigue mezcl&#225;ndose, y termina convirti&#233;ndose en algo que el crisol original no pudo fundir.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/limpia-fija-y-members-only/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/limpia-fija-y-members-only/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Sí, Yo Sabo]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/si-yo-sabo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/si-yo-sabo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2026 21:18:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hCiV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F307f706b-e21c-43d4-9bc0-ab0a577a507b_1920x1080.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hCiV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F307f706b-e21c-43d4-9bc0-ab0a577a507b_1920x1080.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>She said it with so much compassion. She was talking about her students in Texas. Their experience as second and third generation Mexican-Americans was different from her own. She had learned English as a second language after coming to the US from Panama. Her students were learning espa&#241;ol. </p><p>&#8220;My <em>no sabo</em> kids,&#8221; she lovingly referred to them. It was the first time I ever heard the term. Ana Torres, bilingual advocate and <a href="https://amplify.com/beyond-my-years/">podcast host</a> was always educating me. </p><p>Not everyone uses the term to honor and uplift Spanish learners, like Ana did. More than a term, being labeled <em>no sabo</em> lands like a diagnosis. Assumptions are made and borders are drawn between the hispanohablante and the Spanish learner. </p><p>For the <em>no sabo</em> kid, the humility goes from making a mistake and then being labelled one. </p><p>I had all of the symptoms of being a <em>no sabo kid</em>. Though no one had ever called me one outright, I already belonged to the community. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>How Your Brain Thinks You Know</strong></p><p>&#8220;No sabo&#8221; is one way to conjugate the verb, saber. It translates to &#8220;I don&#8217;t know.&#8221; </p><p>Human brains can overgeneralize recurring patterns. For the vast majority of Spanish verbs, whether they end in -ar, -er, or -ir, the first person singular conjugation simply adds -o. Think: <em>hablo, como, bailo, vivo, aprendo.</em></p><p>The verb, <em>saber</em>, to know, is irregular. All other conjugations of saber in present tense follow the regular pattern: <em>t&#250; sabes, el/ella sabe, ellos saben, nosotros sabemos.</em> </p><p>But what about <strong>I know</strong>? <em>Yo s&#233;.</em></p><p>What we are witnessing when someone says, <em>yo sabo</em>, or <em>no sabo</em>, is a healthy brain in need of added exposure to the Spanish language.  </p><div><hr></div><p><strong>The Travels of No Sabo</strong></p><p><em>No sabo</em> is not bound to any single Latino community. It moves wherever the second or third generation ends up. <a href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/2024/comm/hispanic-percent-county.html">North, south, east coast, west coast.</a></p><p>Linguists trace the term&#8217;s rise to the last decade, gaining real velocity through Instagram, TikTok, memes, and millions of teenagers filming themselves speaking a version of Spanish that is different from the language their grandparents spoke fluently. </p><p>Associate Director <a href="https://www.khou.com/article/life/people/our-story-our-history/no-sabo-kid-meaning-spanish-history-hispanics/285-43959aa3-7867-4fe5-8f0b-b532c6df6dfd">Dr. Marisela Martinez</a> at the University of Houston places its emergence at roughly the last five to ten years. The phrase is young enough that many Boomers or Gen X&#8217;s never heard it aimed at them, even though they are also part of the phenomenon.</p><p>Fully egalitarian, <em>no sabo</em> does not discriminate by island or by country. It has landed on Mexican Americans in Texas and California, Puerto Ricans in New York, Cuban Americans in Miami, Dominican Americans in New Jersey. </p><p>Wherever a Latino family has been in the U.S. long enough for Spanish to plummet across a generation, you will find <em>no sabo</em> used to name the decline.</p><p>The drift moved across my family when they came to the US from El Salvador in the 1940s and 1950s. During the war in El Salvador, other family members moved to Melbourne, Australia. So my cousins born there speak English fluently with the most adorable Aussie accent. </p><p>Only one great uncle and one great aunt from the original migration is still alive and speaking Spanish fluently. The next generation is fully bilingual. My generation, well, <em>yo sabo</em> that most of us speak better English than Spanish and some of us <em>no sabo</em> <strong>yet</strong>, including my children.</p><p><em><strong>Sabores de no sabo</strong></em><strong> </strong></p><p>Instead of providing support, or gentle redirection, giving someone the title of a <em>no sabo kid</em> emphasizes what is lacking, without recognizing the effort it took to utter two words in a language one is actively learning or returning to. </p><p>Puerto Ricans born and raised in New York were long ago labeled <em>nuyoricans</em>, for not speaking Spanish &#8220;like those on the island.&#8221; </p><p>Mexican Americans absorbed <em>pocho</em>, marking someone as <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/latino-no-sabo-kids-push-back-spanish-language-shaming-rcna105170">neither fully from here nor from there</a>. </p><p><em>No sabo</em> is simply the newest entry in an old lineage. </p><p>It comes in different flavors across the US and at different rates of Spanish decline. </p><p>For example in south Florida, Spanish saturation has been shaped by decades of Cuban, Puerto Rican, and later Venezuelan and Colombian arrivals. </p><p>There, the resistance to generational language shift holds out a little longer because Spanish is more pervasive, which slows the drift.</p><p>The shift moves more quickly in states like California, Texas, or North Carolina, according to <a href="https://fiu.academia.edu/PhillipMCarter">FIU linguist Phillip Carter. </a></p><p>This shift has been repeated across time. <em>No sabo</em> is the contemporary name for something that has always followed U.S.-born Latinos, regardless of where their family&#8217;s Spanish originated &#8212; Sonora, San Juan, San Salvador. </p><p>Each generation is at first labeled with a new derogatory term. </p><p>Calling someone <em>no sabo</em> may have started out to tease or insult, but has been reframed as an inclusive term across the diasporas. </p><p>This generation, like others before it, made that term an inclusive form of identity, while adopting a new expression of grammar.</p><p><strong>Why didn&#8217;t their parents teach them?</strong></p><p>It is important to understand the myriad reasons why immigrant parents chose not to speak Spanish to or require Spanish be spoken by their children. </p><p>In many instances, English served as protection. </p><p>Speaking Spanish was punished in schools, and children were denied opportunities granted to their English speaking peers. Many parents wanted their children spared the accent-based prejudice they lived through themselves.</p><p>And some US born Latinos were born into multiethnic households, where English was the shared language. </p><p>My Abuelita Carmen married a Scottish-Sicilian who worked with her at the San Francisco Chronicle. My grandpa, Bob Flint, knew a few Spanish words. But the couple spoke to each other in English, and to their children. </p><p>My Abuelita Josefina had a rule. Once you crossed the threshold to her home, you spoke Spanish. If I spoke to her in English, she flat out ignored me. I actually thought she couldn&#8217;t speak English, until one day on the Muni 14 down Mission St. I heard her give a rude passenger a piece of her mind, in English! </p><p>Two grandmothers, two different languages&#8212;and I was fortunate to grow up with both.</p><p>Some immigrant parents are also learning English to increase their opportunities to better their lives for their families. Rather than code switching, they chose to learn the language alongside their children. </p><p>So anyone placing <em>no sabo</em> blame on the parents, might not understand a broader pattern: language loss is often an act of love, not neglect.</p><p><strong>METAlinguistic Tactic #31</strong></p><p><strong>Learn the Exception, Not Just the Rule</strong></p><p><em>Saber</em> is irregular only once. Every form follows the <em>sab-</em> pattern except the one that matters most to a <em>no sabo</em> kid.</p><p><em>yo s&#233;, t&#250; sabes, &#233;l/ella sabe, nosotros sabemos, vosotros sab&#233;is, ellos saben</em></p><p>One conjugation breaks the whole pattern. Memorize that one, and the insult loses its grammar.</p><p><em>Saber</em> is not alone. Spanish has a short list of everyday <strong>irregular verbs.</strong> </p><p>Conjugating these as <strong>regular verbs</strong> could easily identify a heritage speaker as a <em>no sabo kid.</em></p><ul><li><p><em>estar</em> &#8594; <em>yo</em> <em>estoy</em> (not <em>yo esto</em>)</p></li><li><p><em>tener</em> &#8594; <em>yo tengo</em> (not <em>yo teno</em>)</p></li><li><p><em>hacer</em> &#8594; <em>yo hago</em> (not <em>yo haco</em>)</p></li></ul><p>English also asks us to remember irregular verbs. We just don&#8217;t notice. </p><p><em>Go</em> becomes <em>went</em>, not <em>goed</em>.  <br><em>Have</em> becomes <em>had</em>, not <em>haved</em>.<br><em>Do</em> becomes <em>did</em>, not <em>doed.</em></p><p>Every fluent speaker&#8217;s brain comes to recognize irregular verbs without a single grammar lesson, simply by hearing them enough times. We don&#8217;t even notice they are exceptions, until we think about them.</p><p><em>That is the real tactic</em>. Language is not a fixed inheritance you either have or don&#8217;t. It is a learnable system, exceptions included. <em>No sabo </em>was actually your brain detecting and repeating patterns. Now to continue the lesson.</p><p>Pick one irregular verb a week. Say the <em>yo</em> form out loud, five times, to another person. </p><p>Start with<em> yo s&#233;.</em></p><div><hr></div><p>It turns out I had a lot in common with Ana&#8217;s students. We were all mid-journey. </p><p>The only difference was whether someone met us there with a diagnosis or with love. </p><p>With people like Ana walking beside us, we move forward,</p><p>No longer <em>no sabo.</em></p><p><em>Yo s&#233;</em> who I am. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/si-yo-sabo/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/si-yo-sabo/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h3>S&#237;, Yo S&#233;</h3><p>Lo dijo con tanta compasi&#243;n. Hablaba de sus estudiantes en Texas. Su experiencia como mexicoamericanos de segunda y tercera generaci&#243;n era distinta a la suya. Ella hab&#237;a aprendido ingl&#233;s como segunda lengua al llegar a Estados Unidos desde Panam&#225;. Sus estudiantes estaban aprendiendo espa&#241;ol.</p><p><em>&#8220;Mis no sabo kids,&#8221;</em> los llamaba con cari&#241;o. Fue la primera vez que escuch&#233; el t&#233;rmino. Ana Torres, defensora del biling&#252;ismo y presentadora de podcast, siempre me estaba educando.</p><p>No todos usan el t&#233;rmino para honrar y elevar a quienes aprenden espa&#241;ol, como lo hac&#237;a Ana. M&#225;s que un apodo, que te llamen <em>no sabo</em> cae como un diagn&#243;stico. Se hacen suposiciones y se trazan fronteras entre el hispanohablante y el estudiante de espa&#241;ol.</p><p>Para el <em>no sabo kid</em>, la humildad va de cometer un error a ser etiquetado como uno.</p><p>Yo ten&#237;a todos los s&#237;ntomas de ser una <em>no sabo kid</em>. Aunque nadie me lo hab&#237;a dicho directamente en la cara, ya pertenec&#237;a a esa comunidad.</p><p><strong>Un Error Razonable</strong></p><p><em>&#8220;No sabo&#8221;</em> es una manera &#8212;incorrecta&#8212; de conjugar el verbo <em>saber.</em> Todas las dem&#225;s conjugaciones siguen el patr&#243;n regular: <em>t&#250; sabes, &#233;l/ella sabe, ellos saben, nosotros sabemos.</em> Solo la primera persona rompe la regla: <em>yo s&#233;,</em> no <em>yo sabo.</em></p><p>Lo que presenciamos cuando alguien dice <em>yo sabo</em> o <em>no sabo</em> no es una falla. Es un cerebro sano generalizando un patr&#243;n, a falta de suficiente exposici&#243;n al idioma.</p><p><strong>Los Viajes de No Sabo</strong></p><p><em>No sabo</em> no pertenece a ninguna comunidad latina en particular. Viaja donde termine la segunda o tercera generaci&#243;n. Norte, sur, costa este, costa oeste.</p><p>Los ling&#252;istas ubican su auge en la &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, ganando velocidad real a trav&#233;s de Instagram, TikTok y millones de adolescentes film&#225;ndose hablando una versi&#243;n del espa&#241;ol distinta a la que sus abuelos hablaban con fluidez. La <a href="https://www.khou.com/article/life/people/our-story-our-history/no-sabo-kid-meaning-spanish-history-hispanics/285-43959aa3-7867-4fe5-8f0b-b532c6df6dfd">Dra. Marisela Mart&#237;nez</a>, de la Universidad de Houston, sit&#250;a su aparici&#243;n hace apenas cinco a diez a&#241;os.</p><p>Plenamente igualitario, <em>no sabo</em> no discrimina por isla ni por pa&#237;s. Ha ca&#237;do sobre mexicoamericanos en Texas y California, puertorrique&#241;os en Nueva York, cubanoamericanos en Miami, dominicoamericanos en Nueva Jersey. Donde una familia latina lleve suficiente tiempo en Estados Unidos para que el espa&#241;ol decaiga entre generaciones, ah&#237; encontrar&#225;s a <em>no sabo</em> nombrando esa ca&#237;da.</p><p>La corriente atraves&#243; a mi familia cuando llegaron de El Salvador en las d&#233;cadas de 1940 y 1950. Durante la guerra en El Salvador, otros parientes se mudaron a Melbourne, Australia. Mis primos nacidos all&#225; hablan un ingl&#233;s fluido con el acento australiano adorable.</p><p>Solo queda un t&#237;o abuelo y una t&#237;a abuela de la migraci&#243;n original que a&#250;n hablan espa&#241;ol con fluidez. La siguiente generaci&#243;n es completamente biling&#252;e. Mi generaci&#243;n, bueno, <em>yo sabo</em> que la mayor&#237;a hablamos mejor ingl&#233;s que espa&#241;ol, y algunos <em>no sabo</em> <strong>todav&#237;a</strong>, incluyendo a mis hijos.</p><p><strong>Sabores de No Sabo</strong></p><p>En lugar de ofrecer apoyo o una correcci&#243;n amable, etiquetar a alguien de <em>no sabo kid</em> subraya lo que falta, sin reconocer el esfuerzo que cost&#243; pronunciar esas dos palabras en un idioma que se est&#225; aprendiendo, o al que se est&#225; regresando.</p><p>A los puertorrique&#241;os nacidos y criados en Nueva York, hace mucho se les llam&#243; <em>nuyoricans,</em> por no hablar espa&#241;ol &#8220;como los de la isla.&#8221; </p><p>A los mexicoamericanos se les impuso <em>pocho,</em> marc&#225;ndolos como ni de aqu&#237; ni de all&#225;. </p><p><em>No sabo</em> es simplemente la entrada m&#225;s reciente de un linaje antiguo.</p><p>Llega en distintos sabores seg&#250;n la regi&#243;n, y a distintos ritmos de declive. En el sur de la Florida, la saturaci&#243;n del espa&#241;ol &#8212;moldeada por d&#233;cadas de llegadas cubanas, puertorrique&#241;as, y luego venezolanas y colombianas&#8212; resiste un poco m&#225;s el cambio generacional. El espa&#241;ol simplemente est&#225; m&#225;s presente, lo cual desacelera la corriente. El cambio ocurre con m&#225;s rapidez en estados como California, Texas o Carolina del Norte.</p><p>Este patr&#243;n se ha repetido a trav&#233;s del tiempo. <em>No sabo</em> es el nombre contempor&#225;neo de algo que siempre ha seguido a los latinos nacidos en Estados Unidos, sin importar de d&#243;nde viniera el espa&#241;ol de su familia &#8212;Sonora, San Juan, San Salvador. </p><p>Cada generaci&#243;n recibe primero un nuevo t&#233;rmino despectivo. Y como las anteriores, esta generaci&#243;n convirti&#243; ese t&#233;rmino en una forma de identidad incluyente, mientras adoptaba una nueva expresi&#243;n de la gram&#225;tica.</p><p><strong>&#191;Por Qu&#233; No Les Ense&#241;aron Sus Padres?</strong></p><p>Es importante entender las m&#250;ltiples razones por las que padres inmigrantes optaron por no hablarles espa&#241;ol a sus hijos, o por no exig&#237;rselo.</p><p>En muchos casos, el ingl&#233;s fue protecci&#243;n. Hablar espa&#241;ol se castigaba en las escuelas, y a los ni&#241;os se les negaban oportunidades que s&#237; se les conced&#237;an a sus compa&#241;eros angloparlantes. Muchos padres quer&#237;an ahorrarles a sus hijos el prejuicio por acento que ellos mismos hab&#237;an vivido.</p><p>Y algunos latinos nacidos en Estados Unidos nacieron en hogares multi&#233;tnicos, donde el ingl&#233;s era el idioma compartido.</p><p>Mi Abuelita Carmen se cas&#243; con un escoc&#233;s-siciliano con quien trabajaba en el <em>San Francisco Chronicle.</em> Mi abuelo, Bob Flint, sab&#237;a algunas palabras en espa&#241;ol. Pero la pareja se hablaba en ingl&#233;s entre ellos, y a sus hijos.</p><p>Mi Abuelita Josefina ten&#237;a una regla. Una vez que cruzabas el umbral de su casa, hablabas espa&#241;ol. Si le hablaba en ingl&#233;s, simplemente me ignoraba. De hecho pens&#233; que no sab&#237;a ingl&#233;s, hasta que un d&#237;a, en el Muni 14 por la Mission, la escuch&#233; ponerle los puntos sobre las &#237;es a un pasajero grosero, &#161;en ingl&#233;s perfecto!</p><p>Dos abuelas, dos idiomas distintos, y yo tuve la fortuna de crecer con ambos.</p><p>Algunos padres inmigrantes tambi&#233;n estaban aprendiendo ingl&#233;s para ampliar las oportunidades de sus familias. En lugar de alternar entre idiomas, eligieron aprender el nuevo idioma junto a sus hijos.</p><p>As&#237; que quien le eche la culpa a los padres por el fen&#243;meno <em>no sabo</em> tal vez no entiende un patr&#243;n m&#225;s amplio: la p&#233;rdida del idioma suele ser un acto de amor, no de descuido.</p><p><strong>Aunque Tu Pareja Hable Ingl&#233;s</strong></p><p>Hoy sabemos m&#225;s de lo que sab&#237;an nuestras abuelas.</p><p>Si tu pareja habla ingl&#233;s, o si el ingl&#233;s se ha vuelto el idioma natural de tu hogar, eso no tiene por qu&#233; significar que el espa&#241;ol desaparezca de la casa. La historia de Bob Flint y mi Abuelita Carmen tiene sentido para su tiempo y sus circunstancias. Pero si hoy tienes la opci&#243;n, vale la pena considerar hablarle a tus hijos en espa&#241;ol desde la cuna, aunque tu pareja no lo hable, aunque parezca m&#225;s f&#225;cil rendirse al ingl&#233;s compartido.</p><p>No se trata de una correcci&#243;n al pasado de nuestras familias. Se trata de una invitaci&#243;n hacia adelante: el espa&#241;ol que le regalas a un hijo hoy no tiene que competir con el ingl&#233;s. Puede vivir junto a &#233;l.</p><p><strong>El Cerebro Biling&#252;e</strong></p><p>M&#225;s all&#225; de la identidad y la herencia, la ciencia respalda con firmeza la decisi&#243;n de criar hijos biling&#252;es.</p><p>El biling&#252;ismo fortalece lo que los neurocient&#237;ficos llaman funci&#243;n ejecutiva: la capacidad de enfocar la atenci&#243;n, cambiar entre tareas y filtrar distracciones. Investigaciones apuntan a que puede retrasar el inicio de s&#237;ntomas de demencia por un promedio de cuatro a cinco a&#241;os.</p><p>Acad&#233;micamente, los estudiantes en programas de doble inmersi&#243;n <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6813428/">suelen alcanzar o superar el desempe&#241;o</a> de sus compa&#241;eros monoling&#252;es en pruebas estandarizadas, sobre todo en lectoescritura y matem&#225;ticas. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6813428/">nih</a></p><p>Y en el mundo profesional, ser biling&#252;e <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287711">sigue traduci&#233;ndose en d&#243;lares</a>: los profesionales biling&#252;es en Estados Unidos ganan entre un 5% y un 20% m&#225;s que sus contrapartes monoling&#252;es.</p><p>El espa&#241;ol que se hereda no es solo cultura. Es tambi&#233;n memoria, salud cerebral, y una ventaja que dura toda una carrera.</p><p><strong>T&#225;ctica MetaLing&#252;&#237;stica #31</strong></p><p><strong>Aprende la Excepci&#243;n, No Solo la Regla</strong></p><p><em>Saber</em> es irregular solo una vez. Toda la conjugaci&#243;n cae en patr&#243;n, salvo la primera persona: <em>yo s&#233;.</em> Memoriza esa sola palabra, y el insulto pierde su gram&#225;tica.</p><p><em>Saber</em> no est&#225; solo. El espa&#241;ol guarda una lista corta de verbos cotidianos irregulares:</p><p><em>estar &#8594; yo estoy</em> (no <em>yo esto</em>)<br><em>tener &#8594; yo tengo</em> (no <em>yo teno</em>)<br><em>hacer &#8594; yo hago</em> (no <em>yo haco</em>)</p><p>Incluso el ingl&#233;s nos pide recordar verbos irregulares.</p><p><em>Go</em> se convierte en <em>went </em>no en <em>goed. <br>Have</em> se convierte en <em>had,</em> no en <em>haved.<br>Do</em> se convierte en <em>did</em>, no en <em>doed.</em></p><p>Ning&#250;n idioma es perfectamente regular. Todo cerebro fluido llega a reconocer las excepciones sin una sola clase de gram&#225;tica, solo de tanto escucharlas.</p><p>Esa es la verdadera t&#225;ctica: el idioma no es una herencia fija que se tiene o no se tiene. Es un sistema que se puede aprender, excepciones incluidas.</p><p>Elige un verbo irregular a la semana. Di la forma <em>yo</em> en voz alta, cinco veces, frente a otra persona.</p><p>Empieza con <em>I went. </em></p><div><hr></div><p>Resulta que ten&#237;a mucho en com&#250;n con los estudiantes de Ana. Todos est&#225;bamos a mitad del camino.</p><p>La &#250;nica diferencia era si alguien nos encontraba ah&#237; con un diagn&#243;stico, o con amor.</p><p>Con personas como Ana caminando a nuestro lado, seguimos adelante.</p><p>Desde <em>no sabo hasta yo s&#233;</em> qui&#233;n soy.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/si-yo-sabo/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/si-yo-sabo/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Other X]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-other-x</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-other-x</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Jul 2026 01:06:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zKZw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ab391f-9623-4d03-94d0-5d78b7ef1127_2114x1506.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>On my journey to becoming bilingual, I walk in good company.</span></p><p><span>My dear friend Michelle is also an emergent bilingual. The other day she asked me, &#8220;So what is it with the letter X, is it like an S or an H? Does it ever sound like KS in English?&#8221;</span></p><p><span>I searched for words stored away in my bilingual brain, names like Ximena that sounded like an English H or Xochitl that sounded like the letter S.</span></p><p><span>&#8220;No,&#8221; I said. &#8220;I don&#8217;t think it ever makes the KS sound.&#8221; I was wrong. Later in our conversation, I had to correct my error.</span></p><p><span>Lying inside one of my favorite words, </span><em><span>&#233;xito,</span></em><span> the word for success, X did in fact make the KS sound. Just like it does in English words like extreme.</span></p><p><span>So far, Michelle and I uncovered three possible sounds made by a single Spanish letter: X.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong><span>A Window into Spanish Transparency</span></strong></p><p><span>The sounds in Spanish map reliably to written letters and combinations of letters. Not so much for English. Think about the vowel sound </span><a href="https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/"><span>/u&#720;/</span></a><span> as in blue, noon, flute. There are actually 8 different ways to spell that same sound.</span></p><p><span>In Spanish that sound is always represented by the letter U.</span></p><p><span>Spanish&#8217;s orthographic transparency breaks down though when it comes to the letter X, with one letter coding three different sounds.</span></p><p><span>I had to find out why this one letter required us to say that Spanish has a </span><em><span>more transparent </span></em><span>orthography, but not a completely transparent orthography.</span></p><p><span>I suspected yet another manifestation of </span><em><span>mestizaje</span></em><span> intermingling different languages across Spain and Latin America and shaping the language over time.</span></p><h2><strong><span>X on the Timeline</span></strong></h2><p><span>X came from a western dialect of Greek, where the letter stood for the /ks/ sound we hear in taxi.</span></p><p><span>X in Old Spanish was a medieval </span><em><span>sibilant</span></em><span> sound, those hissing or hushing sounds that we use in the English consonants S and Z and the digraph Sh.</span></p><p><span>During the </span><em><a href="https://es-academic.com/dic.nsf/eswiki/990919"><span>reajuste de las sibilantes</span></a></em><span> in the 16th and 17th centuries, that old Sh sound that was written with an X became the modern jota or Spanish J sound which sounds like the raspy English H in words like</span><em><span> jardin and jab&#243;n.</span></em></p><p><span>Interestingly, X also represented the Sh sound in Old English. In some 14th&#8211;15th century East Anglian texts, scribes wrote X for xal and xulde the words we know today as shall and should.</span></p><p><span>And when X was used by scribes of Latin, it was pronounced /ks/ like in the word excellent, or &#233;xito.</span></p><p><span>And while this transformation was happening in Europe, missionaries and scribes were trying to find a way to represent sounds from Nahuatl and Maya that didn&#8217;t map cleanly onto Castilian.</span></p><p><span>X became a catch-all grapheme, used to notate various sounds across time.</span></p><p><span>The different sounds represented by X  is a testament to the constant evolution of how letters </span><a href="https://www.bergesinstitutespanish.com/blog/the-letter-x"><span>represent the sounds </span></a><span>of Spanish.</span></p><p><strong><span>/ks/ &#233;xito, examen</span></strong></p><p><span>This sound survives specifically in </span><em><span>cultismos</span></em><span> which are words borrowed straight from </span><em><span>written Latin</span></em><span> rather than words transcribed from everyday speech. </span></p><p><span>For example the Latin word </span><em><span>&#233;xitus</span></em><span> survives in Spanish as a medical term for death, a separate word from &#233;xito that split off the same Latin root, but with the opposite meaning. From this Latin root, success became one branch, death another.</span></p><p><strong><span>/s/ &#8212; xil&#243;fono, xenofobia</span></strong></p><p><span>When X begins a word, Spanish speakers usually simplify it to /s/, so </span><em><span>xil&#243;fono</span></em><span> is pronounced &#8220;</span><em><span>sil&#243;fono</span></em><span>.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>The initial X in English behaves similarly, and is pronounced like Z as in Xylophone.</span></p><p><strong><span>/x/ (English H/Spanish J) &#8212; M&#233;xico, Oaxaca</span></strong></p><p><span>In medieval Spanish, X represented the sound you would use to ask someone to be quiet in the library. The English Sh.</span></p><p><span>The Mexica (Aztec) people used the name M&#275;xihco for their capital, Tenochtitlan. Spanish scribes approximated the Nahuatl sound to the letter X of Old Spanish.</span></p><p><span>In the 18th century the </span><a href="https://www.rae.es/"><span>Real Academia Espa&#241;ola</span></a><span> (RAE) changed the spelling of nearly every X word to J to encode the  Spanish J sound, even in words like M&#233;xico.</span></p><p><span>Even though the RAE has catalogued the word as M&#233;jico, M&#233;xico with an X is the official spelling in M&#233;xico and globally to </span><a href="http://google.com/url?q=https://medium.com/did-you-know-the-journal-blog/why-is-m%25C3%25A9xico-pronounced-m%25C3%25A9jico-266278c73e11&amp;sa=D&amp;source=docs&amp;ust=1785021616113116&amp;usg=AOvVaw1HZRIWiy1XX9M4m4VPPoIj"><span>honor original indigenous roots</span></a><span>.</span></p><p><strong><span>/&#643;/ (Sh)</span>&#8212;Uxmal, Xela</strong></p><p><span>Mayan words also kept the original Indigenous sound rather than changing their X to jota, like Uxmal in Yucat&#225;n and Xela in Guatemala.</span></p><p><strong><span>Why one letter kept its sound</span></strong></p><p><span>The Real Academia&#8217;s 18th-century reforms advanced Spanish&#8217;s orthographic transparency: one letter, one sound.</span></p><p><span>X is one letter that reform couldn&#8217;t touch because despite how the RAE chose to transcribe them, Indigenous words had already anchored themselves too deeply in the national vocabulary to rewrite.</span></p><h2><strong><span>METAlinguistic Tactic #30<br>Study the Xs</span></strong></h2><p><span>Because this single letter is pronounced differently depending on timeframe and language origin you need to memorize which of the multiple sounds of X a word will make.</span></p><p><span>Stay curious and look into the etymology of any new Spanish word you encounter. Ask yourself if the sound of X represent an Indigenous language or a transforming orthography?</span></p><p><em><strong><span>/ks/ &#8212; cultismos, borrowed straight from Latin</span></strong><span><br></span></em><span>&#233;xito, &#233;xitus, examen, exacto, taxi, extremo, sexto, exportar</span></p><p><em><strong><span>/s/ &#8212; simplified at the start of a word</span></strong><span><br></span></em><span>xil&#243;fono, xenofobia, Xochitl, xerograf&#237;a</span></p><p><em><strong><span>/x/ (jota) &#8212; the sound shifted, the spelling was preserved</span></strong><span><br></span></em><span>M&#233;xico, mexicano, Oaxaca, oaxaque&#241;o, Ximena, Xavier</span></p><p><em><strong><span>/&#643;/ (&#8221;sh&#8221;) &#8212; the original sound that stayed</span></strong><span><br></span></em><span> Xela (Guatemala), Uxmal (Yucat&#225;n, M&#233;xico)</span></p><p><em><strong><span>Spelling variants </span>&#8212; <span>two spellings, one sound</span></strong></em><span><br></span><em><span>Ximena/Jimena</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>Xavier/Javier</span></em><span> </span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-other-x/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-other-x/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><span>Michelle had asked me which X was the correct one for M&#233;xico. I think it&#8217;s safe to say that we use the KS sound in English to say Mexico, but the Spanish J sound for M&#233;xico.</span></p><p><span>I&#8217;ll also mention that originally, that X was Sh.</span></p><p><span>Every sound Michelle had guessed turned out to be right.</span></p><p><span>The other X is what was used at different points in time.</span></p><h1>El otro X</h1><p>En mi camino para volverme biling&#252;e, no camino sola.</p><p>Mi querida amiga Michelle tambi&#233;n es una hablante biling&#252;e emergente. El otro d&#237;a me pregunt&#243;: &#8220;&#191;Qu&#233; onda con la letra X? &#191;Es como una S de &#237;ngles o una H? &#191;Alguna vez suena como KS?&#8221;</p><p>Busqu&#233; entre las palabras guardadas en mi cerebro biling&#252;e: nombres como Ximena, que sonaba como una H en ingl&#233;s, o Xochitl, que sonaba como una S.</p><p>&#8220;No,&#8221; le dije. &#8220;Creo que nunca hace el sonido KS.&#8221; Estaba equivocada. M&#225;s tarde en la conversaci&#243;n, tuve que corregir mi error.</p><p>Escondida dentro de una de mis palabras favoritas, &#233;xito, la X s&#237; hace el sonido KS. Tal como en la palabra en ingl&#233;s <em>extreme.</em></p><p>Hasta ese momento, Michelle y yo hab&#237;amos descubierto tres posibles sonidos para una sola letra del espa&#241;ol: la X.</p><h4>Una ventana a la transparencia del espa&#241;ol</h4><p>Los sonidos del espa&#241;ol se corresponden de manera confiable con las letras escritas. No tanto en ingl&#233;s. Piensa en el sonido /u&#720;/, como en <em>blue, noon, flute.</em> Existen ocho maneras distintas de representarlo en ingl&#233;s. <em>Tr<strong>ue</strong>, sp<strong>oo</strong>n, ast<strong>u</strong>t<strong>e</strong>, fr<strong>ui</strong>t, n<strong>ew</strong>, tr<strong>u</strong>th, wh<strong>o</strong>, s<strong>ou</strong>p.</em></p><p>En espa&#241;ol, ese sonido siempre se representa con la letra U.</p><p>Pero la transparencia ortogr&#225;fica del espa&#241;ol se rompe con la letra X &#8212; una sola letra que se fractura en distintos sonidos.</p><p>Tuve que averiguar por qu&#233; esta sola letra nos obliga a decir que el espa&#241;ol tiene una ortograf&#237;a <em>m&#225;s</em> transparente, pero no <em>completamente</em> transparente.</p><p>Sospechaba, una vez m&#225;s, una manifestaci&#243;n del <em>mestizaje</em>: lenguas entremezcl&#225;ndose por toda Espa&#241;a y Latinoam&#233;rica, moldeando el idioma a trav&#233;s del tiempo.</p><h4>X en la l&#237;nea del tiempo</h4><p>La letra X tiene su origen en una variante occidental del alfabeto griego, donde la X ya representaba el sonido /ks/ directamente. </p><p>En el espa&#241;ol antiguo, la X era un sonido sibilante medieval: esos sonidos siseantes o susurrantes que en ingl&#233;s reconocen en la S, la Z, y el d&#237;grafo Sh.</p><p>Durante el <strong>reajuste de las sibilantes</strong>, en los siglos XVI y XVII, ese antiguo sonido Sh que se escrib&#237;a con una X se convirti&#243; en la jota moderna &#8212; el sonido &#225;spero de palabras como jard&#237;n y jab&#243;n.</p><p>Curiosamente, la X tambi&#233;n represent&#243; el sonido Sh en ingl&#233;s antiguo. En algunos textos de East Anglia de los siglos XIV y XV, los escribas escrib&#237;an X para las palabras xal y xulde &#8212; las mismas que hoy conocemos como <em>shall</em> y <em>should</em>.</p><p>Y cuando los escribas latinos usaban la X, la pronunciaban /ks/, como en &#233;xito or <em>excellent.</em></p><p>Mientras esta transformaci&#243;n ocurr&#237;a en Europa, misioneros y escribas del otro lado del Atl&#225;ntico intentaban representar sonidos del n&#225;huatl y del maya que no encajaban limpiamente en el castellano.</p><p>La X se convirti&#243; en un letra comod&#237;n, usado para anotar sonidos distintos a trav&#233;s del tiempo. Los diferentes sonidos que representa la X son un testimonio de la constante evoluci&#243;n de c&#243;mo las letras han representado los sonidos del lenguaje en espa&#241;ol.</p><p><strong>/ks/ &#8212; &#233;xito, examen</strong></p><p>Este sonido sobrevive espec&#237;ficamente en los <em>cultismos</em>: palabras tomadas directamente del lat&#237;n escrito, y no del habla cotidiana transformada con los siglos.</p><p>De esa misma ra&#237;z latina, nace tambi&#233;n <em>&#233;xitus</em> por su cuenta: un t&#233;rmino m&#233;dico en espa&#241;ol, usado para referirse a la muerte. &#201;xito y &#233;xitus &#8212; la misma ra&#237;z, dos caminos que terminan en lugares opuestos: &#233;xito en el triunfo, &#233;xitus en el final.</p><p><strong>/s/ &#8212; xil&#243;fono, xenofobia</strong></p><p>Cuando la X inicia una palabra, los hispanohablantes suelen simplificarla a /s/, as&#237; que xil&#243;fono se pronuncia &#171;sil&#243;fono.&#187; El ingl&#233;s hace algo parecido, convirtiendo esa X inicial en una Z &#8212; <em>xylophone</em>.</p><p><strong>/x/ (la jota) &#8212; el sonido que cambi&#243;</strong></p><p>En el espa&#241;ol medieval, la X representaba el sonido Sh del ingl&#233;s.</p><p>El pueblo mexica usaba el nombre M&#275;xihco para referirse a su capital, Tenochtitlan. Los escribas espa&#241;oles aproximaron ese sonido n&#225;huatl a la X del espa&#241;ol antiguo.</p><p>En el siglo XVIII, la <strong>Real Academia Espa&#241;ola</strong> (RAE) cambi&#243; la ortograf&#237;a de casi todas las palabras con X a J, para que la letra correspondiera al nuevo sonido de jota. M&#233;xico qued&#243; fuera de ese cambio.</p><p>Aunque la RAE ha catalogado la palabra como M&#233;jico, M&#233;xico con X sigue siendo la ortograf&#237;a oficial en M&#233;xico y en el mundo entero, <em>para honrar sus ra&#237;ces ind&#237;genas.</em></p><p><strong>/&#643;/ &#8212; el sonido que se qued&#243;</strong></p><p>No todas las palabras siguieron el camino hacia la jota. <em>Xela</em>, en Guatemala, y <em>Uxmal</em>, en Yucat&#225;n, conservan el sonido ind&#237;gena original &#8212; sin desviarse nunca hacia la jota.</p><h4>Por qu&#233; una letra conserv&#243; su sonido</h4><p>Las reformas de la Real Academia en el siglo XVIII avanzaron la transparencia ortogr&#225;fica del espa&#241;ol: una letra, un sonido. Pero la X es la letra que esa reforma no pudo tocar del todo, porque, sin importar c&#243;mo la RAE decidiera transcribirlas, las palabras ind&#237;genas ya se hab&#237;an arraigado demasiado hondo en el vocabulario nacional como para reescribirlas.</p><h4>T&#225;ctica Metaling&#252;&#237;stica #30</h4><p><strong>C&#243;mo articular el sonido </strong><em><strong>Sh</strong></em></p><p>El espa&#241;ol no tiene el sonido <em>Sh</em> /&#643;/ en ninguna palabra &#8212; pero s&#237; lo conoces. Es el sonido que hacen cuando le piden silencio a alguien: shhh. </p><p>Para producirlo dentro de una palabra en ingl&#233;s:</p><ol><li><p>Junta los dientes de arriba y de abajo, casi toc&#225;ndose, dejando s&#243;lo un espacio angosto entre ellos.</p></li><li><p>Redondea ligeramente los labios hacia adelante, como si fueras a silbar.</p></li><li><p>Empuja el aire en un solo chorro continuo a trav&#233;s de ese espacio angosto entre los dientes &#8212; sin cortarlo ni detenerlo. </p><p>Si el aire se corta de golpe, el sonido se convierte en <em>ch</em> (como en <em>chip</em>); si fluye sin parar, es <em>sh</em> (como en <em>ship</em>).</p></li></ol><p>Practica con estos pares m&#237;nimos, diciendo ambas palabras en voz alta y sintiendo si el aire se detiene o sigue fluyendo:</p><p><em>ship / chip &#183; she / cheese &#183; wash / watch</em></p><p>Cuando te equivoques, no te preocupes &#8212; est&#225;s reaprendiendo un sonido que el espa&#241;ol conoci&#243; hace quinientos a&#241;os y decidi&#243; dejar atr&#225;s. </p><p>Tu boca est&#225; recordando.</p><div><hr></div><p>Cuando Michelle me pregunt&#243; cu&#225;l era la X correcta para M&#233;xico, la respuesta es que las tres cosas que ella hab&#237;a adivinado eran ciertas.</p><p>En ingl&#233;s decimos <em>Mexico</em> con el sonido KS que la X suele llevar. En espa&#241;ol decimos M&#233;xico con la jota.</p><p>Y originalmente, esa X dec&#237;a Sh.</p><p>Cada sonido que Michelle hab&#237;a adivinado result&#243; ser correcto, porque hemos usado el otro X en distintos puntos del tiempo.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-other-x/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-other-x/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Bilingualism is the Gol]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bilingualism-is-the-gol</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bilingualism-is-the-gol</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 19 Jul 2026 03:57:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AMKF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a85445b-6a2d-403f-905c-bff12348bb32_2112x1152.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AMKF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a85445b-6a2d-403f-905c-bff12348bb32_2112x1152.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AMKF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a85445b-6a2d-403f-905c-bff12348bb32_2112x1152.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AMKF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a85445b-6a2d-403f-905c-bff12348bb32_2112x1152.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AMKF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a85445b-6a2d-403f-905c-bff12348bb32_2112x1152.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AMKF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1a85445b-6a2d-403f-905c-bff12348bb32_2112x1152.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>My abuelita loved f&#250;tbol. I would sit with her, busy with the crochet or embroidery project she gave me while she watched the game and worked on her own project.</span></p><p><span>The commentators would be speaking effusively in rapid fire Spanish that I couldn&#8217;t understand.</span></p><p><span>I did know one word. It was an English word that made its way into Spanish.</span></p><p><em><span>Gol.</span></em></p><p><span>My understanding of the game was equally limited. I just knew that the team had to get the ball past the goalie and into the goal.</span></p><p><span>When this happened, my abuelita would shout loud enough for her neighbors to hear, </span><em><span>&#8220;&#161;GOL!&#8221; </span></em><span>putting down her project and startling me from mine.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><span>The World Cup final this Sunday is between the the two top ranked teams in the world: Espa&#241;a and Argentina. Both are Spanish speaking nations.</span></p><p><span>Fans hailing from Espa&#241;a and Argentina will have regional differences in their native tongue. Fans from Spain will be shouting </span><em><span>&#8220;&#161;Yo soy espa&#241;ol, espa&#241;ol, espa&#241;ol!&#8221; </span></em><span>while those from Argentina will be deep into </span><em><span>&#8220;Muchachos,&#8221;</span></em><span> their tearful anthem to Maradona and Messi.</span></p><p><span>The espa&#241;oles will chant for their team. The argentinos will sing a hymn.</span></p><p><span>Of the 48 nations that came to compete for the </span><em><span>Copa Mundial</span></em><span>, Spanish is the language spoken by 8 of the nations.</span></p><p><span>The teams and fans of Mexico in the north, to those of Uruguay and Paraguay in the south could easily communicate with each other.</span></p><p><span>Ecuador and Colombia share both a language and a coastline.</span></p><p><span>Not too far from them is Panama, a country whose Spanish carries many loanwords from English. An estimated 15% of the population is bilingual speaking both Spanish and English.</span></p><p><span>English is the official language of 8 of the teams that competed in the World Cup. Australians and Canadians are separated by 9,000 miles of the Pacific Ocean, but can communicate easily with regional nuances and identifying accents.</span></p><p><span>Ghana and South Africa also list English as an official language, though multiple languages also hold official status in South Africa and both nations recognize indigenous languages.</span></p><p><span>New Zealand players use the same language with some distinct vocabulary and phonology from the players of Scotland.</span></p><p><span>And the spelling of certain words in England and the United States will have subtle differences. Still each English speaking nation can understand, speak, read, and write in the same language.</span></p><p><span>On Sunday, Argentina and Spain, land of Messi and Yamal will celebrate en espa&#241;ol. The 38 year old Messi could celebrate the win with a bittersweet farewell, or the 19 year old Yamal could celebrate his first </span><em><span>copa</span></em><span> victory.</span></p><p><span>In either case, Spanish is the language that will fill the stadium on Sunday.</span></p><p><span>My abuelita told me that speaking Spanish and English would open many opportunities for me. I would have access to more jobs or business, and the ability to double my social network.</span></p><p><span>I wish I had followed her advice sooner.</span></p><p><span>She never got to see me understand the commentator.</span></p><h2><strong><span>Metalinguistic Tactic #29</span></strong></h2><p><strong><span>Make it a goal to build your bilingualism</span></strong></p><p><span>Whenever possible immerse yourself in Spanish.</span></p><p><span>Where do you go to for World News in English? Try listening to or reading from a similar source in Spanish.</span></p><p><span>What about recipes? Try following a recipe for a new dish or drink in Spanish.</span></p><p><span>Next, set your GPS to speak to you in Spanish.</span></p><p><span>Finally, watch the same goal twice, listening to the commentary in both languages with subtitles in the other language.</span></p><p><span>You might hear familiar words Spanish borrowed from English: </span><em><span>f&#250;tbol</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>c&#243;rner</span></em><span>, and </span><em><span>penalti</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>You will also notice differences in the energy and cadence of the two languages. The explosive &#8220;&#161;GOOOOL!&#8221; in Spanish doesn&#8217;t have an English equivalent.</span></p><p><span>I think my abuelita would be proud that I know a little more about soccer, and a lot more about Spanish.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bilingualism-is-the-gol/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bilingualism-is-the-gol/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2><strong>El biling&#252;ismo es tu </strong><em><strong>goal</strong></em></h2><p>Mi abuelita amaba el f&#250;tbol. Yo me sentaba con ella, ocupada con el proyecto de crochet o bordado que me daba mientras ella ve&#237;a el partido y trabajaba en el suyo.</p><p>Los comentaristas hablaban con efusividad, a toda velocidad, en un espa&#241;ol que yo no entend&#237;a.</p><p>S&#237; conoc&#237;a una palabra. Era una palabra inglesa que se abri&#243; paso hasta el espa&#241;ol.</p><p>Gol.</p><p>Mi entendimiento del juego era igual de limitado. Solo sab&#237;a que el equipo ten&#237;a que meter la pelota m&#225;s all&#225; del portero y adentro de la porter&#237;a.</p><p>Cuando esto pasaba, mi abuelita gritaba lo suficientemente fuerte como para que la escucharan sus vecinos, &#8220;&#161;GOL!&#8221; soltando su proyecto y sac&#225;ndome de sobresalto del m&#237;o.</p><p>La final del Mundial este domingo es entre los dos equipos mejor rankeados del mundo: Espa&#241;a y Argentina. Ambas son naciones hispanohablantes.</p><p>Los aficionados de Espa&#241;a y Argentina tendr&#225;n diferencias regionales en su lengua materna. Los fan&#225;ticos de Espa&#241;a estar&#225;n gritando <em>&#161;Yo soy espa&#241;ol, espa&#241;ol, espa&#241;ol!</em> mientras que los de Argentina estar&#225;n entregados a <em>Muchachos</em>, su himno con l&#225;grimas a Maradona y Messi.</p><p>Los espa&#241;oles corear&#225;n por su equipo. Los argentinos cantar&#225;n un himno.</p><p>De las 48 naciones que llegaron a competir por la Copa Mundial, el espa&#241;ol es el idioma que se habla en 8 de ellas.</p><p>Los equipos y aficionados de M&#233;xico en el norte, hasta los de Uruguay y Paraguay en el sur, pod&#237;an comunicarse f&#225;cilmente entre s&#237;.</p><p>Ecuador y Colombia comparten tanto el idioma como una costa.</p><p>No muy lejos de ellos est&#225; Panam&#225;, un pa&#237;s cuyo espa&#241;ol lleva muchos pr&#233;stamos del ingl&#233;s. Se estima que el 15% de la poblaci&#243;n es biling&#252;e, hablando tanto espa&#241;ol como ingl&#233;s.</p><p>El ingl&#233;s es el idioma oficial de 8 de los equipos que compitieron en el Mundial. Los australianos y los canadienses est&#225;n separados por 14 mil kil&#243;metros del Oc&#233;ano Pac&#237;fico, pero pueden comunicarse f&#225;cilmente, con matices regionales y acentos que los identifican.</p><p>Ghana y Sud&#225;frica tambi&#233;n tienen al ingl&#233;s como idioma oficial, aunque en Sud&#225;frica varios idiomas m&#225;s tienen estatus oficial, y ambas naciones reconocen sus lenguas ind&#237;genas.</p><p>Nueva Zelanda usar&#225; el mismo idioma, con un vocabulario y una fonolog&#237;a distintos a los de Escocia.</p><p>Y la ortograf&#237;a de ciertas palabras en Inglaterra y Estados Unidos tendr&#225; diferencias sutiles. Aun as&#237;, cada naci&#243;n angloparlante escuchar&#225;, hablar&#225;, leer&#225; y escribir&#225; en el mismo idioma.</p><p>El domingo, Argentina y Espa&#241;a, tierra de Messi y Yamal, celebrar&#225;n en espa&#241;ol. El Messi de 38 a&#241;os podr&#237;a celebrar la victoria con una despedida agridulce, o el Yamal de 19 podr&#237;a celebrar su primera copa.</p><p>En cualquiera de los dos casos, el espa&#241;ol ser&#225; el idioma que llene el estadio el domingo.</p><p>Mi abuelita me dijo que hablar espa&#241;ol e ingl&#233;s me abrir&#237;a muchas oportunidades. Tendr&#237;a acceso a m&#225;s trabajos o negocios, y la posibilidad de duplicar mi red social.</p><p>Ojal&#225; hubiera seguido su consejo antes.</p><p>Ella nunca lleg&#243; a verme entender al comentarista.</p><h2><strong>T&#225;ctica Metaling&#252;&#237;stica #29</strong></h2><p><strong>Ponte como meta construir tu biling&#252;ismo</strong></p><p>Siempre que puedas, sum&#233;rgete en el ingl&#233;s.</p><p>&#191;A d&#243;nde acudes para las noticias del mundo en espa&#241;ol? Prueba escuchar o leer una fuente similar en ingl&#233;s.</p><p>&#191;Y las recetas? Prueba seguir la receta de un platillo o bebida nuevo, pero en ingl&#233;s.</p><p>Despu&#233;s, pon tu GPS a hablarte en ingl&#233;s.</p><p>Por &#250;ltimo, mira el mismo gol dos veces, escuchando el comentario en ambos idiomas, con subt&#237;tulos en el otro idioma.</p><p>Vas a reconocer palabras que el espa&#241;ol le prest&#243; al ingl&#233;s en el mundo del deporte, aunque suenen distintas: <em>f&#250;tbol, c&#243;rner, y penalti</em> tienen su eco en <em>football, corner,</em> y <em>penalty</em>.</p><p>Tambi&#233;n vas a notar diferencias en la energ&#237;a y el ritmo de los dos idiomas. El comentarista en ingl&#233;s no va a gritar &#8220;&#161;GOOOOL!&#8221; Va a decir &#8220;goal&#8221; una sola vez, con calma, y seguir hablando.</p><p>Creo que mi abuelita estar&#237;a orgullosa de que s&#233; un poco m&#225;s de f&#250;tbol, y mucho m&#225;s de ingl&#233;s.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bilingualism-is-the-gol/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bilingualism-is-the-gol/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Dime Con Quién Andas (And Other Things Abuelita Was Right About)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/dime-con-quien-andas-and-other-things</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/dime-con-quien-andas-and-other-things</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 12 Jul 2026 09:12:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mxnr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac783d22-95c0-4f17-a583-0521c854e50c_2016x1612.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>My abuelita was cordial, she even told him &#8220;nice to meet you.&#8221; But as soon as the door closed behind him, she looked me straight in the eyes and said the words that generations before her had already said: &#8220;</span><em><span>Dime con qui&#233;n andas y te dir&#233; qui&#233;n eres.&#8221; </span></em><span> Tell me who you walk with and I&#8217;ll tell you who you are.</span></p><p><span>Her </span><em><strong><span>dicho</span></strong></em><span> was a premonition delivered with the authority of everyone who had ever said the same words.</span></p><p><span>Words that formed a chain linking that version of me to generations of people who have lived the same warning, and then passed it on.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong><span>Thinking in Metaphors</span></strong></p><p><em><span>Dichos are</span></em><span> proverbs with regional flavor added. They cross borders easily because their metaphors and humor are understood across Latin America.</span></p><p><span>They make their way to our ears once we are ready to hear them, prescribing how we should behave in situations common to the human condition.</span></p><p><span>They warn us about the company we keep, and how we show up in the world.</span></p><p><em><span>Camar&#243;n que se duerme se lo lleva la corriente</span></em><span>. The idle shrimp carried off by the current is visual warning against laziness.</span></p><p><span>Given as advice, </span><em><span>la sangre no llega al r&#237;o </span></em><span>dissipates its disturbing imagery. Rather than a horrific warning of blood from violence reddening the waters of a river, it simply means: calm down, this is not a big deal.</span></p><p><span>Connecting our quotidian life to age-old </span><em><span>dichos</span></em><span> creates a space for reflection. Sometimes that means laughing at ourselves. Other times, it means learning to live smarter, not harder.</span></p><p><span>These witty sayings might come off as embellishments to our language. But there is another layer to  these creative expressions that convey ideas in novel and resonant ways. </span><a href="https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~jhoey/teaching/cs886-affect/papers/LakoffJohnsonMetaphorsWeLiveBy.pdf"><span>Cognitive linguist George Lakoff </span></a><span>argues, &#8220;Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>So </span><em><span>dichos</span></em><span> don&#8217;t necessarily come as an afterthought. They are thought. This isn&#8217;t unique to Spanish. Figurative language is universal across the world&#8217;s languages.</span></p><p><span>Ultimately, a </span><em><span>dicho</span></em><span> uses something we already understand like rivers, shrimp, our social group to teach us something we don&#8217;t: laziness, temperance, follow through.</span></p><p><span>And since every culture relies on its own history and social customs to shape its </span><em><span>dichos, </span></em><span>learning </span><em><span>dichos</span></em><span> from Latin America is like a window into its culture.</span></p><p><strong><span>The Distance Between Words and Actions</span></strong></p><p><span>D</span><em><span>el dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho</span></em><span>. There is a wide distance between what we say and what we do.</span></p><p><span>I heard my abuelita&#8217;s warning. </span></p><p><span>I thought about it.</span></p><p><span>Then I did the opposite.</span></p><p><strong><span>METAlinguistic Tactic #28 &#8212; Start a Dichos Jar</span></strong></p><p><span>Choose one of the following </span><em><span>dichos</span></em><span>:</span></p><ul><li><p><em><span>No hay mal que por bien no venga. </span></em><span>There is no bad from which good doesn&#8217;t come.</span></p></li><li><p><em><span>El que a buen &#225;rbol se arrima, buena sombra le cobija. </span></em><span>Whoever leans on a good tree finds good shade.</span></p></li><li><p><em><span>A caballo regalado no se le mira el diente</span></em><span>. Don&#8217;t look a gift horse in the mouth.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Write the literal translation next to it.</span></p><p><span>Ask yourself, what does this </span><em><span>dicho</span></em><span> tell you about the culture it comes from? What does it reveal about the worldview, value system, or humor of the culture?</span></p><p><span>Then reflect on the consequences to ignore or obey it.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><span>My abuelita was right about the boy.</span></p><p><span>I had to walk the </span><em><span>trecho</span></em><span> myself.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/dime-con-quien-andas-and-other-things/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/dime-con-quien-andas-and-other-things/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2><strong><span>Dime con qui&#233;n andas (lo que mi abuelita ya sab&#237;a)</span></strong></h2><p><span>Mi abuelita fue cordial, hasta le dijo &#8220;mucho gusto&#8221; al muchacho. Pero apenas se cerr&#243; la puerta detr&#225;s de &#233;l, me mir&#243; fijamente a los ojos y dijo las palabras que generaciones antes que ella ya hab&#237;an dicho: &#8220;Dime con qui&#233;n andas y te dir&#233; qui&#233;n eres.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>Su dicho fue una premonici&#243;n dicho con la autoridad de todos los que ya lo hab&#237;an dicho antes que ella. </span>Sus palabras formaban una <span>cadena que un&#237;a esa versi&#243;n m&#237;a a generaciones enteras que vivieron la misma advertencia y la siguieron heredando.</span></p><p><strong><span>Pensar en Met&#225;foras</span></strong></p><p><span>Los dichos son refranes con sabor regional. Cruzan fronteras con facilidad porque sus met&#225;foras y su humor se entienden en toda Am&#233;rica Latina.</span></p><p><span>Llegan a nuestros o&#237;dos justo cuando estamos listos para escucharlos, y nos dicen c&#243;mo comportarnos frente a situaciones que le pasan a cualquier ser humano. Nos advierten sobre la compa&#241;&#237;a que elegimos, y sobre c&#243;mo nos presentamos ante el mundo.</span></p><p><em><span>Camar&#243;n que se duerme se lo lleva la corriente</span></em><span>. El camar&#243;n perezoso arrastrado por la corriente es una advertencia visual contra la pereza.</span></p><p><span>Dado como consejo, </span><em><span>la sangre no llega al r&#237;o</span></em><span> pierde su imagen perturbadora. En lugar de una advertencia horrenda sobre sangre enrojeciendo las aguas de un r&#237;o, simplemente significa: c&#225;lmate, esto no es tan grave.</span></p><p><span>Conectar nuestra vida cotidiana con dichos tan antiguos nos regala un espacio para reflexionar. A veces es para re&#237;rnos de nosotros mismos. Otras veces, para aprender a vivir con m&#225;s inteligencia, no con m&#225;s esfuerzo.</span></p><p><span>Estos dichos ingeniosos podr&#237;an parecer solo adornos del lenguaje: formas creativas de decir algo de manera original. El ling&#252;ista cognitivo</span><a href="https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~jhoey/teaching/cs886-affect/papers/LakoffJohnsonMetaphorsWeLiveBy.pdf"><span> George Lakoff</span></a><span> sostiene que &#8220;nuestro sistema conceptual ordinario, en t&#233;rminos del cual pensamos y actuamos, es fundamentalmente metaf&#243;rico por naturaleza.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>As&#237; que los dichos no llegan como una ocurrencia tard&#237;a. Son el pensamiento mismo. Y esto no es exclusivo del espa&#241;ol: el lenguaje figurado es universal en todos los idiomas del mundo.</span></p><p><span>Al final, un dicho nos presta algo que ya entendemos &#8212; un camar&#243;n, un r&#237;o, un paso &#8212; para explicarnos algo que todav&#237;a no entendemos del todo: la pereza, la </span>templanza<span>, la distancia entre lo que prometemos y lo que hacemos.</span></p><p><span>Cada cultura recurre a su propia historia y geograf&#237;a para construir sus dichos.</span></p><p><span>As&#237; que aprender los dichos de Am&#233;rica Latina es como asomarse por una ventana a su cultura.</span></p><p><span>El ingl&#233;s tiene su propia ventana, con su propio marco. Tambi&#233;n esconde su forma de ver el mundo en frases que no se pueden traducir palabra por palabra. Estos no son dichos que aconsejan c&#243;mo vivir: son</span><strong><span> modismos</span></strong><span>, frases fijas que solo describen el mundo a su manera.</span></p><p><span>Cuando llueve fuerte, el espa&#241;ol dice </span><em><span>llueve a c&#225;ntaros</span></em><span>.  El ingl&#233;s, frente a la misma lluvia, dice </span><em><span>it&#8217;s raining cats and dogs</span></em><span>. Gatos y perros, no jarrones, como si el cielo se hubiera vaciado de animales. </span></p><p><span>Cuando alguien va a salir a un escenario, en espa&#241;ol le deseamos suerte de frente. En ingl&#233;s se dice </span><em><span>break a leg</span></em><span>, r&#243;mpete una pierna, porque la superstici&#243;n del teatro cree que desear la suerte en voz alta la maldice, as&#237; que hay que mentirle al universo de lado. </span></p><p><span>Y cuando alguien tiene que aguantar un dolor sin quejarse, el ingl&#233;s dice </span><em><span>bite the bullet</span></em><span>, morder la bala, una frase que se dice viene de los soldados que mord&#237;an una bala de verdad durante una cirug&#237;a, antes de que existiera la anestesia. </span></p><p><span>Cada una </span>de estas frases <span>es una ventana distinta hacia una manera distinta de entender el mundo.</span></p><p><strong><span>La Distancia Entre las Palabras y los Hechos</span></strong></p><p><em><span>Del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>Escuch&#233; la advertencia de mi abuelita. </span></p><p><span>Lo pens&#233;. </span></p><p><span>Y despu&#233;s hice justo lo contrario.</span></p><p><strong><span>T&#225;ctica Metaling&#252;&#237;stica #28 &#8212; Comienza tu Frasco de Modismos</span></strong></p><p><span>Elige uno de los siguientes modismos en ingl&#233;s:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Break a leg</span></p></li><li><p><span>It&#8217;s raining cats and dogs</span></p></li><li><p><span>Bite the bullet</span></p></li></ul><p><span>Escribe la traducci&#243;n literal al lado. </span></p><p><span>Preg&#250;ntate: &#191;qu&#233; me dice este modismo sobre la cultura de donde viene &#8212; su forma de ver el mundo, sus valores, su sentido del humor? </span></p><p><span>Luego reflexiona: &#191;alguna vez usaste una frase as&#237; sin saber realmente por qu&#233; se dice de esa forma? &#191;Qu&#233; se siente hablar con las palabras de otra lengua antes de entender del todo su historia?</span></p><div><hr></div><p><span>Mi abuelita ten&#237;a raz&#243;n sobre el muchacho.</span></p><p><span>El trecho lo tuve que caminar yo misma.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/dime-con-quien-andas-and-other-things/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/dime-con-quien-andas-and-other-things/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Rolling from Butter to Perro]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/rolling-from-butter-to-perro</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/rolling-from-butter-to-perro</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 02:56:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mZik!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7ed827-1f61-4d7d-a9e3-b0190c78938a_2112x1152.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mZik!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7ed827-1f61-4d7d-a9e3-b0190c78938a_2112x1152.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mZik!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7ed827-1f61-4d7d-a9e3-b0190c78938a_2112x1152.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mZik!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7ed827-1f61-4d7d-a9e3-b0190c78938a_2112x1152.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mZik!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7ed827-1f61-4d7d-a9e3-b0190c78938a_2112x1152.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mZik!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6a7ed827-1f61-4d7d-a9e3-b0190c78938a_2112x1152.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>I&#8217;m standing at the open mic with a poem in my hand. The poem is not my own. Most people attribute it to Mar&#237;a Sabina, the Mazatec healer from Oaxaca.</span></p><p><span>Mar&#237;a Sabina actually sang </span><em><span>cantos</span></em><span>, and it&#8217;s hard to know if these words were truly uttered by her, but after I came across them on my first trip to Oaxaca, I immediately fell in love with the poem.</span></p><p><span>I thought it might be good medicine for anyone in the room who needed a good dose of self-love: </span><em><span>C&#250;rate mijita, con la luz del sol, y los rayos de la luna.</span></em></p><p><span>I started out strong. The </span><em><span>r</span></em><span> in </span><em><span>rayos</span></em><span> trilled exactly the way I intended it to.</span></p><p><span>Then came: </span><em><span>Con el sonido del r&#237;o y la cascada.</span></em></p><p><span>And my tongue betrayed me.</span></p><p><span>I can roll </span><em><span>rayos</span></em><span> on cue. But when moving </span><em><span>del</span></em><span> to </span><em><span>r&#237;o</span></em><span>, my tongue locks up.</span></p><p><span>Sometimes it lands, but more often </span><em><span>del r&#237;o</span></em><span> comes out breathy and soft, or jagged, with an abrupt stop between the two words as I reposition my tongue.</span></p><p><span>I felt this roadblock each time I rehearsed: in the car, on the plane, in the shower, muttering </span><em><span>del r&#237;o, del r&#237;o</span></em><span> like a mantra.</span></p><p><span>Why was this one sound so hard to say?</span></p><p><span>And why after </span><em><span>del</span></em><span> and not after </span><em><span>los</span></em><span>?</span></p><h2><strong><span>Teach Your Mouth to Dance</span></strong></h2><p><span>Every sound you make is a small choreography.</span></p><p><span>Your lips press together or spread wide. Your tongue lifts to a specific spot in your mouth or darts away from it. Your teeth close a little or open as your jaw drops. The core of the sound is carried by your breath moving outward, either freely or obstructed by your lips, tongue, or teeth.</span></p><p><span>A native speaker learned the mouth movements of their language as a baby, rehearsing them thousands of times, until they became automatic.</span></p><p><span>So an ear tuned to English sounds trains the mouth to produce English.</span></p><p><span>In order to shift to the sound system of Spanish, that same mouth must produce sounds it never practiced by moving through a choreography it never learned.</span></p><p><span>What comes effortlessly to a lifelong speaker requires real effort from the rest of us. So we learn one deliberate motion at a time.</span></p><p><span>Moving from </span><em><span>del </span></em><span>to </span><em><span>r&#237;o</span></em><span>, I was asking my mouth to do something entirely new.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong><span>Let Go To Roll Your Rs</span></strong></h2><p><span>For the heritage speaker or the Spanish learner, rolling our </span><em><span>r</span></em><span>s means taking a risk. We might walk away in shame or suffer a sprained tongue.</span></p><p><span>To make that sound that is so authentically Spanish, you have to lift the tip of your tongue toward the ridge behind your teeth and send air across it.</span></p><p><span>The tip of your tongue sits loose near the ridge behind your top front teeth. Air knocks it away, it springs back, over and over, fast enough to purr.</span></p><p><span>One hack is to say &#8220;butter&#8221; in your fastest, laziest English. That quick flick in the middle is how you would say the Spanish </span><em><span>r </span></em><span>in </span><em><span>pero</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><em><span>You&#8217;re not trilling, yet</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>The trill is just that same flick, set free.</span></p><p><span>So the trill requires a loose tongue, and I was forcing </span><em><span>r&#237;o</span></em><span> with my tongue clenched.</span></p><p><span>For a minute I thought it was my English </span><em><span>r </span></em><span>getting in the way. The American </span><em><span>r</span></em><span> is a moody sound. To make it you have to bunch up your tongue and pull it towards your throat, nothing like the forward flutter of</span><em><span> rr </span></em><span>in Spanish.</span></p><p><span>But if my English </span><em><span>r</span></em><span> were the problem, </span><em><span>los rayos</span></em><span> would have tripped me too. It didn&#8217;t.</span></p><p><span>So something else was getting in my way.</span></p><h2><strong><span>The Culprit Came Before the </span></strong><em><strong><span>R.</span></strong></em></h2><p><span>Say </span><em><span>los </span></em><span>and feel where your tongue lands. The </span><em><span>s</span></em><span> is a forward sound, made right up at the ridge behind your front teeth. It gives your tongue a head start to roll your </span><em><span>r</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>But since I was pronouncing </span><em><span>del</span></em><span> the way I would say dell in English,</span><em><span> </span></em><span>the</span><em><span> l </span></em><span>was getting in my way.</span></p><p><span>The sound of the letter </span><em><span>l </span></em><span>in English comes in two flavors:</span></p><ul><li><p><em><span>Clear l</span></em><span>, at the start of a syllable, before a vowel: lawn, light, love. <br>The tongue is positioned tip up. The back of the tongue is relaxed and forward.<br></span></p></li><li><p><em><span>Dark l</span></em><span>, at the end of a syllable, after the vowel: full, bell, dell.<br>The tongue tip is also up, but the back of the tongue bunches backward.</span></p></li></ul><p><span>You can feel the switch yourself. Say lee, then say eel. </span></p><p><span>Take </span><em><span>lee</span></em><span> and freeze right at the start, on the </span><em><span>l</span></em><span>, before the vowel slides out. The sides of your tongue drop slightly so air can slip out around them. That lateral airflow is what makes a</span><em><span> clear l</span></em><span>. </span></p><p><span>On </span><em><span>eel </span></em><span>you&#8217;ll notice the whole back of your tongue has slid up and back toward your throat. That retracting is the darkness of the </span><em><span>dark l</span></em><span>. </span></p><p><span>And that backward hump is the exact opposite of what my mouth needed to roll the </span><em><span>r</span></em><span> in </span><em><span>r&#237;o</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>My English </span><em><span>dell</span></em><span> was sabotaging my Spanish </span><em><span>del</span></em><span>, moving my tongue to the wrong place at the worst moment.</span></p><p><span>Spanish never darkens its </span><em><span>l</span></em><span>; the tongue stays clear and forward in every position, whether at the start or the end of a word:</span><em><span> l&#225;piz, lavar, sol</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>del</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>So a native speaker glides out of </span><em><span>del </span></em><span>with the tongue already placed where the roll needs it. </span></p><p><span>I thought something was wrong with my </span><em><span>r</span></em><span>, as I kept butchering the word </span><em><span>r&#237;o</span></em><span>, but it was the </span><em><span>dark l </span></em><span>all along. </span></p><h3><strong><span>Metalinguistic Tactic #27: How to Trill Your R</span></strong></h3><p><strong><span>Tap, Tap, Tap</span></strong></p><p><span>You&#8217;ve already mastered half of this sound. </span></p><p><span>Say </span><em><span>butter, ladder, pot of tea</span></em><span> in your fastest, laziest English. </span></p><p><span>That quick tap in the middle, the &#8220;tt,&#8221; is the Spanish single </span><em><span>r</span></em><span>, the </span><em><span>r</span></em><span> in </span><em><span>pero</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>para</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>oro</span></em><span>. <br>You have been making this sound your whole life, without even noticing.</span></p><p><span>Now extend it. </span></p><p><span>Say </span><em><span>butter</span></em><span>, then slide it into </span><em><span>pero</span></em><span>, and keep the tongue soft: </span><em><span>butter, pero, butter, pero </span></em></p><p><span>A trill is nothing more than that same tap set loose. Hold the tip light near the ridge and push </span><em><span>air</span></em><span> until one tap bounces into two: </span><em><span>pero</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>perro</span></em><span>. </span></p><p><span>Relax your tongue, so you aren&#8217;t forcing the bounce. <br>Add breath and let it happen on its own.</span></p><p><span>Next, check the letter just before the initial </span><em><span>r. </span></em><span> </span></p><p><span>A forward sound like </span><em><span>s</span></em><span>, gives you a head start: </span><em><span>tres rayos</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>los rayos</span></em><span>. </span></p><p><span>Some English sounds will do the opposite. The dark </span><em><span>l</span></em><span> in </span><em><span>del</span></em><span>, the bunched American </span><em><span>r</span></em><span>, in </span><em><span>car</span></em><span>, will move the tongue back out of position. </span></p><p><span>When you feel your English interfering, reset. </span></p><p><span>Keep the </span><em><span>l</span></em><span> clear and forward, or slip a whisper of a vowel between the words to re-place the tongue, and give the roll a runway, </span><em><span>de&#8209;l r&#237;o</span></em><span>. </span></p><p><span>Say them side by side until your ear hears it: </span><em><span>los rayos</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>del r&#237;o</span></em><span>. </span></p><p><span>Turns out the trill was never my problem. </span></p><p><span>It was the setup all along.</span></p><div><hr></div><p><span>I didn&#8217;t stop with the open mic. I kept practicing the poem. I stopped forcing it. I relaxed my tongue, cleared my </span><em><span>l</span></em><span>, and let the air do the rolling, and finally nailed </span><em><span>del r&#237;o.</span></em></p><p><span>That breathy </span><em><span>del r&#237;o</span></em><span> was transitory. It was the sound of two languages living in one mouth. My English </span><em><span>l</span></em><span> and my Spanish </span><em><span>r</span></em><span> meeting at the beginning of a word and negotiating which language would rule my tongue.</span></p><p><span>Now when I recite that poem that I learned in the hills of Oaxaca, the one that asked me to heal myself out loud, I remind myself to stay clear, not dark. <br><br>To stay soft and relaxed so </span><em><span>&#8220;con el sonido del r&#237;o y la cascada&#8221; </span></em><span>can</span><em><span> </span></em><span>flow freely from my bilingual mouth. </span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/rolling-from-butter-to-perro/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/rolling-from-butter-to-perro/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong><span>B de burro y v de vaca en ingl&#233;s</span></strong></h2><p><span>Es un martes por la tarde en la biblioteca p&#250;blica, en el cuartito de estudio donde soy voluntaria, y Chavela me lee en ingl&#233;s en voz alta, una palabra cuidadosa a la vez. </span></p><p><span>Est&#225; estudiando para su GED, y toma cada oraci&#243;n en ingl&#233;s tan en serio como si fuera escritura sagrada.</span></p><p><span>Llegamos a un rengl&#243;n sobre la pronunciaci&#243;n. Pone el dedo debajo de la palabra, respira, y dice, con todo el sentimiento del mundo: </span><em><span>&#8220;The English bowels are so hard.&#8221;</span></em></p><p><span>Quiso decir </span><em><span>vowels</span></em><span>, las vocales. Y tiene toda la raz&#243;n sobre la dificultad, solo que no como ella cree. Me muerdo el labio de abajo. Bajo la vista a la hoja como si de repente se hubiera vuelto fascinante. Respiro hondo.</span></p><p><span>Tengo cuarenta a&#241;os, soy toda una profesional, y por un instante no me puedo fiar de mi propia cara, porque Chavela acaba de decirme que las tripas del ingl&#233;s le est&#225;n costando trabajo, y est&#225; ah&#237;, asintiendo, esperando a que yo le d&#233; la raz&#243;n.</span></p><p><span>Y se la doy. Mantengo los ojos en la p&#225;gina hasta que se me pasa, y seguimos.</span></p><p><span>Lo que no habr&#237;a podido decir en voz alta en ese cuarto, lo que me tom&#243; a&#241;os entender de verdad, es que Chavela no estaba cometiendo un error. Estaba tocando un instrumento afinado en un idioma al que le ped&#237;an sonar en otro.</span></p><p><span>Aqu&#237; est&#225; el gesto escondido detr&#225;s de la risita: En ingl&#233;s, la v se forma cuando bajas los dientes de arriba, y empujas la voz por esa rendija. </span></p><p><span>Si&#233;ntelo: </span><em><span>v, v, very</span></em><span>. Dientes sobre labio. </span></p><p><span>El espa&#241;ol nunca pide esto. En espa&#241;ol, la b y la v son el mismo sonido, hecho con los dos labios juntos, sin dientes de por medio. Vaca y baca, tubo y tuvo, la boca no hace ninguna distinci&#243;n, porque para una boca que creci&#243; en espa&#241;ol no hay nada que distinguir. </span></p><p><span>As&#237; que cuando Chavela busca la </span><em><span>v i</span></em><span>nglesa de </span><em><span>vowels</span></em><span>, sus labios hacen lo que han hecho fielmente durante cuarenta y tantos a&#241;os. Se cierran. Y </span><em><span>vowels</span></em><span> se vuelve </span><em><span>bowels</span></em><span>, a un solo gesto honesto de distancia.</span></p><p><span>No estaba pronunciando mal la palabra. La estaba pronunciando con la &#250;nica</span><em><span> v</span></em><span> que su boca ha conocido.</span></p><p><span>Lo que sus vecinos angloparlantes hacen sin pensarlo, los dientes de arriba cayendo al labio cien veces al d&#237;a, ella lo estaba aprendiendo a prop&#243;sito, un movimiento deliberado a la vez, en la mesa de una biblioteca, a los cuarenta y tantos, sin miedo. </span></p><p><span>Y ten&#237;a raz&#243;n. Las vocales del ingl&#233;s son dificil&#237;simas, tanto en su pronunciaci&#243;n, como en su ortograf&#237;a. Como todo lo dem&#225;s en una boca que aprende a moverse en un idioma en el que no creci&#243;. Lo asombroso no es que tropezara. Lo asombroso es que lleg&#243; un martes a intentarlo.</span></p><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; una boca que ha dicho &lt;&lt;v&gt;&gt; toda la vida ten&#237;a que aprenderla otra vez, como si fuera nueva?</span></em></p><h2><strong><span>Cada sonido es una peque&#241;a coreograf&#237;a</span></strong></h2><p><span>Los labios se juntan o se abren, la lengua sube a un punto o se aparta de &#233;l, los dientes se cierran un poco, y el aire se cuela por en medio de todo. </span></p><p><span>Quien creci&#243; en un idioma aprendi&#243; esa coreograf&#237;a de beb&#233;, en miles de ensayos que nadie recuerda, hasta que los movimientos se volvieron autom&#225;ticos. </span></p><p><span>Una boca criada en espa&#241;ol es un instrumento afinado en espa&#241;ol. Cuando estiramos hacia el ingl&#233;s, le pedimos a ese mismo instrumento que toque en una tonalidad que nunca practic&#243;. </span></p><p><span>Lo que a un hablante de toda la vida no le cuesta nada, a los dem&#225;s nos cuesta esfuerzo de verdad, un movimiento deliberado a la vez. </span></p><p><span>Ese es el punto a partir del cual la boca aprende a pronunciar los sonidos de una nueva lengua. </span></p><h2><strong><span>T&#225;ctica Metaling&#252;&#237;stica #27: </span></strong></h2><p><strong><span>Empieza por la efe</span></strong></p><p><span>Ya tienes la mitad de este sonido. Di fffff, como en foto, caf&#233;, tel&#233;fono. Sin darte cuenta, ya bajaste los dientes de arriba al labio de abajo. </span></p><p><span>Ese es el lugar exacto de la </span><em><span>v inglesa</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>Ahora, el siguiente paso.</span></p><p><span>Deja los dientes donde est&#225;n, sigue soplando la efe, y enciende la voz. Pon la mano en la garganta: cuando empiece a vibrar, la f se vuelve </span><em><span>v</span></em><span>. </span></p><p><em><span>Fan</span></em><span> se vuelve </span><em><span>van</span></em><span>. </span><em><span>Berry, very</span></em><span>. </span><em><span>Best, vest</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>Y usa lo que el espa&#241;ol ya te regal&#243;: la ortograf&#237;a. </span></p><p><span>En espa&#241;ol la b y la v suenan igual, pero se escriben distinto, y esa diferencia que memorizaste de ni&#241;a ahora te sirve de mapa. </span></p><p><span>Cuando veas una</span><em><span> v </span></em><span>en ingl&#233;s, baja los dientes. Cuando veas una b, junta los labios. La p&#225;gina ya te est&#225; diciendo qu&#233; boca poner.</span></p><p><span>Dilas en pareja hasta que el o&#237;do las separe:</span><em><span> boat, vote. very, berry. </span></em></p><p><strong><span>El sonido solo era nuevo.</span></strong></p><p><span>Ese peque&#241;o choque era el sonido de dos idiomas enteros encontr&#225;ndose en una sola boca. Su </span><em><span>v</span></em><span> de toda la vida estir&#225;ndose hacia una </span><em><span>v</span></em><span> que nunca le toc&#243; heredar. </span></p><p><span>No era dif&#237;cil de arreglar. No ten&#237;a que rehacer su boca entera. Solo ten&#237;a que bajar los dientes al labio, un ajuste peque&#241;o y preciso, y la </span><em><span>v</span></em><span> aparec&#237;a. </span></p><p><span>Lo que sus vecinos hacen sin pensarlo, ella lo aprende a prop&#243;sito, un movimiento a la vez, un martes por la tarde, sin miedo. Y tiene raz&#243;n: las vocales del ingl&#233;s son dificil&#237;simas, esas que esconden varios sonidos donde el espa&#241;ol guarda uno. Pero esa es otra frontera, para otro d&#237;a.</span></p><p><span>Porque lo que Chavela descubri&#243; esa tarde no fue solo una </span><em><span>v</span></em><span>. Fue que los sonidos se pueden desarmar, mirar por dentro, y volver a armar con intenci&#243;n. </span></p><p><span>Esa conciencia, la de sentir qu&#233; hacen los labios y la lengua y los dientes, es la misma herramienta que va a necesitar para lo que sigue: los verbos del ingl&#233;s, con su terquedad y sus excepciones. </span></p><p><span>Quien aprende a o&#237;rse a s&#237; misma con esa atenci&#243;n ya tiene por d&#243;nde entrarles.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/rolling-from-butter-to-perro/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/rolling-from-butter-to-perro/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cat got your tongue?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/cat-got-your-tongue</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/cat-got-your-tongue</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 05:15:48 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKaw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F49e0ec19-a60e-4ce9-81a9-636c087b9c23_2938x2818.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">From the permanent collection of the National Museum of Mexican Art, Chicago</figcaption></figure></div><p><span>I had only seen people who looked like me a few times in Hollywood films. They were usually stereotypical caricatures. </span><em><span>Stand and Deliver </span></em><span>was different. The film came out my freshman year of high school and gave me </span><em><span>ganas</span></em><span> to succeed in school and be the first in my family to go to college.</span></p><p><span>As soon as I got to UCLA, I joined a club of volunteers to tutor high school students in math. The school we were sent to was none other than Garfield High School, where the real Jaime Escalante taught AP Calculus to students who looked just like me.</span></p><p><span>After working with a few high school boys, just two years younger than me, I stood alone on 6th Street waiting for my ride. It was my first time tutoring Algebra I, and I felt proud of the students, and of myself. I had made it to college, and I wanted to help others get there too.</span></p><p><span>A car came roaring down the quiet street. Leaning out of the driver side window, a man shouted at me, loud enough to hear over the engine of his mufflerless car, &#8220;&#161;</span><em><span>Pocha</span></em><span>!&#8221;</span></p><p><span>I didn&#8217;t know the definition of that word, but I felt it cascade over me as I stood in my university sweatshirt and goody-two-shoes attitude.</span></p><p><span>It names a person of Mexican descent who has renounced their culture and drifted from Spanish, the language of their grandparents.</span></p><p><em><span>Pocha</span></em><span> is a word wielded to wound.</span></p><p><span>And it did.<br><br>Though I am Salvadoran, not Mexican, I knew that the term easily applied to me as well.</span></p><p><span>The man sped away retreating into his life, unaware of the impact his disdain would have on mine, and on my language.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong><span>How a </span></strong><em><strong><span>Pocha</span></strong></em><strong><span> is Made</span></strong></h2><p><span>In my family, we are five people arranged along two axes: how much Spanish we comprehend, and how much we actually speak.</span></p><p><span>My dad, a Salvadoran immigrant, understands everything and speaks like the native speaker he is, </span><em><span>salvadore&#241;ismos</span></em><span> fully intact.</span></p><p><span>My mom, the daughter of Salvadoran immigrants, understands every word and responds in English. She is what linguists call a </span><em><span>receptive bilingual</span></em><span>: fluent on the inside, yet outwardly she speaks Spanish sparingly.</span></p><p><span>My sisters and I are heritage speakers. We line up in order behind her, each of us understanding more than we can say.</span></p><p><span>A heritage speaker is not necessarily a person without Spanish.</span></p><p><span>They are a someone with a great deal of </span><em><span>potential Spanish</span></em><span>, having absorbed the sounds and syntax of the language before they could even walk. Their years of listening did the work of storing up the words and rhythm of the language.</span></p><p><span>But moving from potential to kinetic Spanish, from receiving the language to producing it, takes effort and a healthy dose of humility.</span></p><h2><strong><span>Losing is Real</span></strong></h2><p><span>What felt unique to my family is actually a common phenomenon.</span></p><p><span>Across three generations, Spanish spoken in the home tends to thin out.</span></p><p><span>A grandmother speaks it fluently. Her children grow up bilingual. But by the third generation, only about a third of heritage speakers can carry on a conversation in Spanish, and just a sliver can do it with ease and eloquence.<br><br></span><em><span>Outside forces are partly responsible for Spanish language loss.</span></em></p><p><span>For much of the last century, Spanish was punished out of children in American schoolrooms. </span><a href="https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2021/10/16/many-third-generation-hispanics-dont-speak-spanish-but-their-parents-do-why/"><span>Congressman Joaqu&#237;n Castro</span></a><span> has described this plainly:</span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><span>&#8220;It really is just a generation of people who had a language literally beaten out of them in our school system...it was not only the loss of a language, but also partly the loss of a culture.&#8221;</span></p></div><p><span>The insult I received from a stranger who called me </span><em><span>pocha</span></em><span> was not only about my Spanish&#8211;it was an indictment of my frayed connection to my own heritage.</span></p><h2><strong><span>The </span></strong><em><strong><span>Yo Sabo</span></strong></em><strong><span> threshold</span></strong></h2><p><span>Many of us heritage speakers cross a rite of passage back to Spanish: we must first embrace the identity of being a </span><em><span>yo sabo</span></em><span> kid. <br><br>A </span><em><span>yo sabo</span></em><span> kid reaches for a language that slipped away a generation or two ago.</span></p><p><span>The term comes from incorrectly conjugating &#8220;I know&#8221; in Spanish as if the verb </span><em><span>saber</span></em><span> were not irregular.</span></p><p><span>The correct first-person conjugation of the irregular verb </span><em><span>saber</span></em><span> is </span><em><span>yo s&#233;.</span></em></p><p><span>This common mistake has become a badge for those of us who grew up speaking English, and then came back to Spanish a little awkwardly, </span><em><span>pero con ganas.</span></em></p><p><span>We may get teased, and we may even get called </span><em><span>pocha</span></em><span>.</span></p><p><span>But starting out by saying &#8220;</span><em><span>yo sabo,&#8221;</span></em><span> is what reclamation sounds like.</span></p><h2><strong><span>The Awkward Stage</span></strong></h2><p><span>Anyone who has reached for a new language knows this stage I am describing.</span></p><p><span>Their sentences come out with the word order a bit scrambled. The words are there, just not quite right, not yet.</span></p><p><span>So something inside us blocks our words from coming out because we worry, &#8220;</span><em><span>What if they come out wrong?&#8221;<br></span></em><span><br>This is where Stephen Krashen&#8217;s </span><em><a href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56454923/Communicative_Approach_by_Stephen_Crashen-libre.pdf?1525083971=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPrinciples_and_Practice_in_Second_Langua.pdf&amp;Expires=1782621627&amp;Signature=OlBZbGblV-I0~o7A7U6fGBLfza4CGE3F3XtTqUZMjo3CAivHFCiDaRxFT6H3~tQBo9V6SHzJbltUqPBfNbEm2fB2isPE2F9Fh4h~SkN-B8kZeGLm2LOEkVQRBzhwPAMITANM~wO-sK81SNFl31RpnZAEefBgYcpaHoqxDyyzjt3B6CXwgLjpc4erazLGSMegRKzfLXm0NAAUE3w0lfXlr3ncKKUqxWqrhpuVXYbXM4k0hRtNPbPfvdDHx1B7e6Kr7ynixOgifjCd3pI8jB7ygI6-gODXFpKYfvigaVuaRcfv1SVjspBnuIiaFdYPTjk1te761w6Upk80dBgVlty80Q__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"><span>affective filter</span></a></em><a href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56454923/Communicative_Approach_by_Stephen_Crashen-libre.pdf?1525083971=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPrinciples_and_Practice_in_Second_Langua.pdf&amp;Expires=1782621627&amp;Signature=OlBZbGblV-I0~o7A7U6fGBLfza4CGE3F3XtTqUZMjo3CAivHFCiDaRxFT6H3~tQBo9V6SHzJbltUqPBfNbEm2fB2isPE2F9Fh4h~SkN-B8kZeGLm2LOEkVQRBzhwPAMITANM~wO-sK81SNFl31RpnZAEefBgYcpaHoqxDyyzjt3B6CXwgLjpc4erazLGSMegRKzfLXm0NAAUE3w0lfXlr3ncKKUqxWqrhpuVXYbXM4k0hRtNPbPfvdDHx1B7e6Kr7ynixOgifjCd3pI8jB7ygI6-gODXFpKYfvigaVuaRcfv1SVjspBnuIiaFdYPTjk1te761w6Upk80dBgVlty80Q__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"><span> </span></a><span>comes in: when fear or embarrassment run high, a wall rises between the learner and the language.</span><s><span><br></span></s><span><br>For the new learner, the wall rises out of the fear of making mistakes with foreign sounds and novel syntax.</span></p><p><span>For the heritage speaker, the filter carries an additional weight: the nagging feeling that they should already know this, and that they are fumbling the very words that are their birthright.</span></p><p><span>Different shame. Same wall.</span></p><p><span>Fortunately, it is a wall we can all scale once we accept that being a </span><em><span>yo sabo</span></em><span> kid (regardless of age) is just the beginning of the journey.</span></p><h2><strong><span>Spanish Was Already Here</span></strong></h2><p><span>Contrary to what some believe, </span><em><span>Spanish did not sneak into the U.S.</span></em></p><p><span>Across much of what is now the USA, Spanish arrived before English did.<br><br>Until the </span><a href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo"><span>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</span></a><span> redrew the map in 1848, </span><strong><span>the land that is now California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona, and pieces of Colorado, Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Kansas was part of Mexico.</span></strong></p><p><span>When the border shifted, tens of thousands of Spanish speakers became residents of the United States without packing a single suitcase.</span></p><p><span>The popular Chicano adage is: &#8220;We did not cross the border. The border crossed us.&#8221;</span></p><p><span>So a heritage speaker reclaiming Spanish is not necessarily importing language from one of the other 19 Spanish speaking countries across the continent of Am&#233;rica, they are restoring the language that was spoken for over three centuries in what is now the US.</span></p><p><span>And in many cases, they are repatriating a language their family spoke in this land for seven generations.</span></p><h2><strong><span>The Wave You Are Joining</span></strong></h2><p><span>Spanish has been declining in some families. Meanwhile, it has gathered momentum across the US.</span></p><p><span>The United States is already home to more Spanish speakers than Spain, with more than forty million native speakers, and millions more who move between both languages every day.</span></p><p><span>The most ambitious projections imagine the United States becoming the largest Spanish-speaking country on earth within a generation; others expect it to hold its current place as second, behind only Mexico.</span></p><p><span>Either way, </span><em><span>the language is not disappearing, </span><a href="https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/mapa_hispano_23_octubre_eng.pdf"><span>it is amassing</span></a><span>.</span></em></p><h2><span>METAlinguistic Tactic #26</span></h2><p><strong><span>Convert the Receptive to the Productive</span></strong><span><br><br>Whether you are returning to the language or learning it for the very first time, being conscious of what you understand versus what you actually say is an act of </span><em><span>metalinguistic awareness.</span></em></p><p><span>Start by taking an inventory of the words and phrases you comprehend completely but have never once spoken aloud.</span></p><p><span>Maybe it&#8217;s the greeting your </span><em><span>t&#237;o</span></em><span> always used, or the dish you love but have never ordered in Spanish.<br><br>Take three phrases you have internalized and say them out loud, preferably to another person.<br><br>That is the whole tactic: take what is alive, but silent within you, and </span><em><span>give it a voice.</span></em></p><div><hr></div><p><span>Today, if someone muttered under their breath that I was a </span><em><span>pocha, </span></em><span>or shouted it, I would simply explain that I am an emergent bilingual. </span><em><span><br></span></em><span><br>My Spanish might sound a bit off, and I may get the words wrong sometimes.</span></p><p><em><span>But I am proud of my heritage.</span></em></p><p><span>No longer silent.</span></p><p><span>I am speaking now.</span></p><div><hr></div><h2><span>S&#225;bado School Shout-Outs</span></h2><p><a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2023/09/RE_2023.09.20_Latinos-Speaking-Spanish_Report.pdf"><span>Pew Research Center:</span></a><span> for their work on the three-generation language shift.</span></p><p><a href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56454923/Communicative_Approach_by_Stephen_Crashen-libre.pdf?1525083971=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPrinciples_and_Practice_in_Second_Langua.pdf&amp;Expires=1782621627&amp;Signature=OlBZbGblV-I0~o7A7U6fGBLfza4CGE3F3XtTqUZMjo3CAivHFCiDaRxFT6H3~tQBo9V6SHzJbltUqPBfNbEm2fB2isPE2F9Fh4h~SkN-B8kZeGLm2LOEkVQRBzhwPAMITANM~wO-sK81SNFl31RpnZAEefBgYcpaHoqxDyyzjt3B6CXwgLjpc4erazLGSMegRKzfLXm0NAAUE3w0lfXlr3ncKKUqxWqrhpuVXYbXM4k0hRtNPbPfvdDHx1B7e6Kr7ynixOgifjCd3pI8jB7ygI6-gODXFpKYfvigaVuaRcfv1SVjspBnuIiaFdYPTjk1te761w6Upk80dBgVlty80Q__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"><span>Stephen Krashen</span></a><span>: a returning guest of the S&#225;bado School Substack for his work on the affective filter.</span></p><p><a href="https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2021/10/16/many-third-generation-hispanics-dont-speak-spanish-but-their-parents-do-why/"><span>Congressman Joaqu&#237;n Castro</span></a><span>: who named language loss a wound and not a shortcoming, and for saying out loud that the language was taken, not misplaced. </span></p><p><a href="https://cervantesobservatorio.fas.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/mapa_hispano_23_octubre_eng.pdf"><span>Instituto Cervantes &amp; the Cervantes Observatory at Harvard:</span></a><span> whose Hispanic Map of the United States shows where the language is growing.</span></p><p>And the National Archives for providing access to the <a href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/cat-got-your-tongue/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/cat-got-your-tongue/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2>&#191;Te comi&#243; la lengua el gato?</h2><p>Hab&#237;a visto a personas que se parec&#237;an a m&#237; solo unas cuantas veces en las pel&#237;culas de Hollywood. Casi siempre eran caricaturas, puro estereotipo. <em>Stand and Deliver</em> fue distinta. La pel&#237;cula se estren&#243; en mi primer a&#241;o de preparatoria y me dio ganas de salir adelante en la escuela y de ser la primera de mi familia en ir a la universidad.</p><p>En cuanto llegu&#233; a UCLA, me un&#237; a un grupo de voluntarios para dar tutor&#237;as de matem&#225;ticas a estudiantes de preparatoria. La escuela a la que nos mandaron no era otra que Garfield High School, donde el verdadero Jaime Escalante ense&#241;&#243; C&#225;lculo AP a estudiantes que se parec&#237;an a m&#237;.</p><p>Despu&#233;s de trabajar con unos cuantos muchachos, apenas dos a&#241;os menores que yo, me qued&#233; sola en la calle <em>6th Street</em> esperando que me pasaran a buscar. Era mi primera vez dando tutor&#237;a de &#193;lgebra I, y me sent&#237;a orgullosa de los estudiantes, y de m&#237; misma. Hab&#237;a llegado a la universidad, y quer&#237;a ayudar a otros a llegar tambi&#233;n.</p><p>Un carro ven&#237;a rugiendo por la calle tranquila. Asom&#225;ndose por la ventanilla del lado del conductor, un hombre me grit&#243;, lo bastante fuerte como para o&#237;rlo por encima del motor sin mofle: &#8220;&#161;<em>Pocha</em>!&#8221;</p><p>No conoc&#237;a la definici&#243;n de esa palabra, pero la sent&#237; caer sobre m&#237; mientras segu&#237;a ah&#237; parada, con mi sudadera universitaria y mi actitud de ni&#241;a buena.</p><p>Nombra a una persona de ascendencia mexicana que ha renunciado a su cultura y se ha alejado del espa&#241;ol, la lengua de sus abuelos.</p><p><em>Pocha</em> es una palabra que se usa para herir.</p><p>Y vaya que hiri&#243;.</p><p>Aunque soy salvadore&#241;a, no mexicana, sab&#237;a que el t&#233;rmino tambi&#233;n me quedaba.</p><p>El hombre se alej&#243; a toda velocidad, de regreso a su vida, sin saber el impacto que su desd&#233;n tendr&#237;a en la m&#237;a, y en mi lengua.</p><p>Tal vez a ti nunca te hayan gritado &#8220;<em>pocho</em>&#8221; desde un carro. Pero quiz&#225;s conoces esta herida por el otro lado: la sonrisita cuando pides algo en ingl&#233;s, el <em>broken English</em> dicho como insulto, la burla por tu acento, el <em>&#8220;&#191;no English?&#8221;</em> lanzado con desd&#233;n. </p><p>La lengua cambia. La herida es la misma.</p><h3>C&#243;mo se hace una <em>pocha</em></h3><p>En mi familia somos cinco personas ordenadas a lo largo de dos ejes: cu&#225;nto espa&#241;ol entendemos y cu&#225;nto lo hablamos de verdad.</p><p>Mi pap&#225;, inmigrante salvadore&#241;o, lo entiende todo y habla como el hablante nativo que es, con sus salvadore&#241;ismos intactos.</p><p>Mi mam&#225;, hija de inmigrantes salvadore&#241;os, entiende cada palabra y responde en ingl&#233;s. Es lo que los ling&#252;istas llaman una <em>biling&#252;e receptiva</em>: fluida por dentro, aunque hacia afuera habla espa&#241;ol raramente.</p><p>Mis hermanas y yo somos hablantes de herencia. Nos formamos en fila detr&#225;s de ella, cada una entendiendo m&#225;s de lo que puede decir.</p><p>Una hablante de herencia no es necesariamente una persona sin espa&#241;ol.</p><p>Es alguien con una gran cantidad de espa&#241;ol en potencia, que absorbi&#243; los sonidos y la sintaxis de la lengua antes de aprender a caminar. Sus a&#241;os de escuchar hicieron el trabajo de almacenar las palabras y el ritmo del idioma.</p><p>Pero pasar del espa&#241;ol potencial al espa&#241;ol cin&#233;tico, de recibir la lengua a producirla, <em>exige esfuerzo y una buena dosis de humildad.</em></p><p>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; el puente: lo que yo viv&#237; con el espa&#241;ol, t&#250; quiz&#225;s lo vives con el ingl&#233;s. </p><p>Entiendes mucho m&#225;s ingl&#233;s del que te atreves a hablar. </p><p>T&#250; tambi&#233;n cargas una lengua en potencia, esperando soltarse.</p><h3>Cuando la p&#233;rdida es real</h3><p>Lo que sent&#237;a como algo &#250;nico de mi familia es en realidad un fen&#243;meno com&#250;n.</p><p>A lo largo de tres generaciones, el espa&#241;ol que se habla en casa tiende a disminuir.</p><p>Una abuela lo habla con fluidez. Sus hijos crecen biling&#252;es. Pero para la tercera generaci&#243;n, solo cerca de un tercio de los hablantes de herencia puede sostener una conversaci&#243;n en espa&#241;ol, y apenas una minor&#237;a puede hacerlo con soltura y elegancia.</p><p>Hay fuerzas externas que explican, en parte, la p&#233;rdida del espa&#241;ol.</p><p>Durante buena parte del siglo pasado, a los ni&#241;os se les castigaba por hablar espa&#241;ol en las escuelas estadounidenses. El congresista <a href="https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2021/10/16/many-third-generation-hispanics-dont-speak-spanish-but-their-parents-do-why/">Joaqu&#237;n Castro</a> lo ha descrito sin rodeos: dice que fue toda una generaci&#243;n a la que, literalmente, le sacaron la lengua a golpes en el sistema escolar, y que con ella se perdi&#243; tambi&#233;n una parte de la cultura.</p><p>El insulto que recib&#237; de un desconocido que me llam&#243; <em>pocha</em> no era solo por mi espa&#241;ol: era una acusaci&#243;n contra mi v&#237;nculo desgastado con mi propia herencia.</p><p>Y si a ti te han hecho sentir menos por tu ingl&#233;s, ya conoces el mecanismo: la verg&#252;enza que te imponen no mide tu inteligencia ni tu valor. </p><p>Mide el prejuicio de quien la lanza.</p><h3>Cruzar el umbral del <em>yo sabo</em></h3><p>Muchos de los hablantes de herencia cruzamos un rito de paso de regreso al espa&#241;ol: en primer lugar, debemos asumir la identidad del ni&#241;o del <em>yo sabo</em>.</p><p>Un ni&#241;o del <em>yo sabo</em> estira la mano hacia una lengua que se le escap&#243; hace una o dos generaciones.</p><p>El t&#233;rmino viene de conjugar mal &#8220;I know&#8221; en espa&#241;ol, como si el verbo <em>saber</em> no fuera irregular.</p><p>Todav&#237;a no  ha aprendido que la conjugaci&#243;n correcta de la primera persona del verbo irregular <em>saber</em> es <em>yo s&#233;</em>.</p><p>Este error tan com&#250;n se ha vuelto una insignia para quienes crecimos hablando ingl&#233;s y luego volvimos al espa&#241;ol un poco a tropezones, <em>pero con ganas.</em></p><p>Puede que se burlen de nosotros, y puede que hasta nos llamen <em>pochos.</em></p><p>Pero empezar diciendo <em>yo sabo</em> es como suena la reivindicaci&#243;n.</p><p>Y el ingl&#233;s tiene su propio ejemplo de <em>yo sabo</em>. </p><p>Es el <em>&#8220;I have 30 years&#8221;</em> que calca &#8220;tengo 30 a&#241;os&#8221;, el <em>&#8220;more better&#8221;</em>, el <em>&#8220;I no understand&#8221;</em>. </p><p><strong>No son se&#241;ales de fracaso</strong>. </p><p>Son el sonido de alguien estir&#225;ndose hacia una lengua nueva, <em>con ganas.</em></p><h3>La etapa torpe</h3><p>Cualquiera que haya estirado la mano hacia una lengua nueva conoce esta etapa que describo.</p><p>Las frases salen con el orden de las palabras un poco revuelto. Las palabras est&#225;n ah&#237;, solo que todav&#237;a no del todo bien.</p><p>Entonces algo dentro de nosotros frena las palabras antes de que salgan, porque pensamos: &#8220;&#191;Y si me sale mal?&#8221;</p><p>Aqu&#237; es donde entra el filtro afectivo de <a href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56454923/Communicative_Approach_by_Stephen_Crashen-libre.pdf?1525083971=&amp;response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPrinciples_and_Practice_in_Second_Langua.pdf&amp;Expires=1782621627&amp;Signature=OlBZbGblV-I0~o7A7U6fGBLfza4CGE3F3XtTqUZMjo3CAivHFCiDaRxFT6H3~tQBo9V6SHzJbltUqPBfNbEm2fB2isPE2F9Fh4h~SkN-B8kZeGLm2LOEkVQRBzhwPAMITANM~wO-sK81SNFl31RpnZAEefBgYcpaHoqxDyyzjt3B6CXwgLjpc4erazLGSMegRKzfLXm0NAAUE3w0lfXlr3ncKKUqxWqrhpuVXYbXM4k0hRtNPbPfvdDHx1B7e6Kr7ynixOgifjCd3pI8jB7ygI6-gODXFpKYfvigaVuaRcfv1SVjspBnuIiaFdYPTjk1te761w6Upk80dBgVlty80Q__&amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">Stephen Krashen</a>: cuando el miedo o la verg&#252;enza suben, se levanta un muro entre quien aprende y la lengua.</p><p>Para quien apenas empieza, el muro se levanta por miedo a equivocarse con sonidos ajenos y una sintaxis nueva.</p><p>Para el hablante de herencia, el filtro carga un peso adicional: la sensaci&#243;n inc&#243;moda de que ya deber&#237;a saber esto, de que est&#225; tropezando con las mismas palabras que son su derecho de nacimiento.</p><p>Distinta verg&#252;enza. El mismo muro.</p><p>Por suerte, es un muro que todos podemos escalar en cuanto aceptamos que ser un ni&#241;o del <em>yo sabo</em> (sin importar la edad) es apenas el comienzo del camino.</p><h3>El espa&#241;ol lleg&#243; primero</h3><p>Al contrario de lo que algunos creen, <em>el espa&#241;ol no se col&#243; a escondidas en Estados Unidos.</em></p><p>En buena parte de lo que hoy es Estados Unidos, el espa&#241;ol lleg&#243; antes que el ingl&#233;s.</p><p>Hasta que el <a href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo">Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> redise&#241;&#243; el mapa en 1848, <strong>la tierra que hoy es California, Nevada, Utah, Nuevo M&#233;xico, casi todo Arizona, y pedazos de Colorado, Wyoming, Oklahoma y Kansas era parte de M&#233;xico.</strong></p><p>Cuando la frontera se movi&#243;, decenas de miles de hispanohablantes se volvieron residentes de Estados Unidos sin empacar una sola maleta.</p><p>El conocido dicho chicano lo resume: &#171;Nosotros no cruzamos la frontera. La frontera nos cruz&#243; a nosotros&#187;.</p><p>As&#237; que un hablante de herencia que recupera el espa&#241;ol no est&#225; necesariamente importando una lengua de alguno de los otros 19 pa&#237;ses hispanohablantes del continente americano: <em>est&#225; restaurando la lengua que se habl&#243; durante m&#225;s de tres siglos en lo que hoy es Estados Unidos.</em></p><p>Y en muchos casos, est&#225; repatriando una lengua que su familia habl&#243; en esta tierra durante siete generaciones.</p><p>Y si t&#250; vienes en la otra direcci&#243;n, sumando el ingl&#233;s al espa&#241;ol que ya traes, esto tambi&#233;n es tuyo: aprender ingl&#233;s no te quita el espa&#241;ol ni te hace menos de los tuyos. </p><p><em>Una lengua se suma. No se canjea.</em></p><h3>La ola a la que te sumas</h3><p>El espa&#241;ol ha ido decayendo en algunas familias. Al mismo tiempo, ha tomado fuerza en todo el pa&#237;s.</p><p>Estados Unidos ya es hogar de m&#225;s hispanohablantes que Espa&#241;a, con m&#225;s de cuarenta millones de hablantes nativos, y millones m&#225;s que se mueven entre ambas lenguas todos los d&#237;as.</p><p>Las proyecciones m&#225;s ambiciosas imaginan a Estados Unidos convirti&#233;ndose en el pa&#237;s hispanohablante m&#225;s grande del mundo en una generaci&#243;n; otras esperan que conserve su lugar actual como el segundo, superado solo por M&#233;xico.</p><p><em>De cualquier manera, la lengua no est&#225; desapareciendo: se est&#225; acumulando.</em></p><h3>T&#225;ctica metaling&#252;&#237;stica #26</h3><h4>Convierte lo receptivo en productivo</h4><p>Ya sea que est&#233;s volviendo a una lengua o aprendi&#233;ndola por primera vez, ser consciente de lo que entiendes frente a lo que de verdad dices es un acto de <em>conciencia metaling&#252;&#237;stica.</em></p><p>Empieza por hacer un inventario de las palabras y frases que comprendes por completo pero que nunca has dicho en voz alta.</p><p>Quiz&#225;s es el saludo que siempre escuchas por ah&#237;, o el platillo que te encanta pero que nunca has pedido en ingl&#233;s.</p><p>Toma tres frases que ya tengas internalizadas y dilas en voz alta, de preferencia a otra persona.</p><p>Esa es toda la t&#225;ctica: <em>toma lo que est&#225; vivo, pero callado dentro de ti, y dale voz.</em></p><div><hr></div><p>Hoy, si alguien murmurara entre dientes que soy una <em>pocha</em>, o me lo gritara, simplemente le explicar&#237;a que soy una biling&#252;e emergente.</p><p>Mi espa&#241;ol puede sonar un poco raro, y a veces puedo equivocarme con las palabras.</p><p><em>Pero estoy orgullosa de mi herencia.</em></p><p>Ya no estoy callada. </p><p>Ahora estoy hablando.</p><p>Y t&#250;, &#191;qu&#233; dir&#237;as? </p><p>La pr&#243;xima vez que alguien se burle de tu ingl&#233;s, recuerda: no te comi&#243; la lengua el gato. </p><p>Apenas est&#225;s tomando aire para hablar.</p><div><hr></div><p>S&#225;bado School es un espacio biling&#252;e para hablantes de herencia, para quienes aprenden ingl&#233;s, para los que empiezan tarde, y para cualquiera que se estire a trav&#233;s de una lengua hacia lo que ama.</p><p>Si ese eres t&#250;, bienvenido.</p><p><em>Gracias</em> por leer.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/cat-got-your-tongue/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/cat-got-your-tongue/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[To Be or To Be, That Is the Question]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/to-be-or-to-be-that-is-the-question</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/to-be-or-to-be-that-is-the-question</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2026 03:09:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6VIA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07f3e79-7c52-4b38-b796-b848ddbb85dd_2016x1612.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6VIA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07f3e79-7c52-4b38-b796-b848ddbb85dd_2016x1612.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6VIA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07f3e79-7c52-4b38-b796-b848ddbb85dd_2016x1612.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6VIA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07f3e79-7c52-4b38-b796-b848ddbb85dd_2016x1612.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6VIA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07f3e79-7c52-4b38-b796-b848ddbb85dd_2016x1612.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6VIA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe07f3e79-7c52-4b38-b796-b848ddbb85dd_2016x1612.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Mijita, t&#250; no eres aburrida.</figcaption></figure></div><p>I was a bored kid. Not occasionally bored; I was Olympically bored.  My incessant boredom made me an expert at reaching for the next bright thing with little contemplation of the consequences.</p><p>One s&#225;bado, I was sitting with the grown-ups. After I had exhausted all of my ideas for how to entertain myself, I said out loud to my abuelita and her sister, my t&#237;a Yolanda, &#8220;Soy aburrida.&#8221; I expected them to give me suggestions for how to ease my boredom.</p><p>Instead they both broke into laughter.</p><p>Instead of saying that I was feeling bored, I had told them, essentially, that <em>I was a bore.</em></p><p>I hadn&#8217;t learned the Spanish code to describe my present state: boredom. I had instead sentenced myself to boring everyone else around me, forever.</p><p>That day I would learn a philosophical distinction: my boredom was never <em>soy</em>. It was temporary, ethereal, subject to change: <em>estoy</em>. <br><br>Their laughter stayed with me, marking the moment that I realized my mistake. I hadn&#8217;t just confused two words.</p><p><em>I had confused two ways of being.</em></p><p>Once I understood that, <em>ser</em> and <em>estar</em> would teach me <em>the difference between who I am and how I happen to be right now.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong>One verb, split in two</strong></h2><p>Here is the part nobody tells you when you&#8217;re learning Spanish.<br><br>English has one verb to carry the full weight of &#8220;to be.&#8221; I am bored, I am from San Francisco, I am in the library, I am a teacher. </p><p>One single verb does all this work.<br><br>Spanish decides the work is actually divided into two jobs.<br><br>One half of the work is done by <em>ser</em> and the rest goes to <em>estar.</em></p><p>Like many emergent bilinguals, I had used an English rule that worked differently in Spanish. </p><p>Spanish made me choose between two possible relationships to boredom.</p><h2><strong>The forever verb and the right-now verb</strong></h2><p>Think of <em>ser</em> as the forever verb.<br><br><em>Ser</em> is for what something <em>is at its core</em>: identity, origin, constitution, things that don&#8217;t change with the weather. </p><p><em>Soy salvadore&#241;a. Soy maestra. Ella es mi hermana. Ellos son mis hijos. Somos una familia.</em> (I am Salvadoran. I am a teacher. She is my sister. They are my children. We are a family.)</p><p>These are solid facts. </p><p><em>Ser</em> is the verb of essence, the window into someone&#8217;s soul.<br><br>Now think of <em>estar </em>as the right-now verb. </p><p>Estar is the mindful verb that lives in the present moment: a state, a mood, a condition, a location. Estar is the weather report on a person.</p><p><em>Estoy cansada. Estoy bailando. El caf&#233; est&#225; fr&#237;o. Ellos est&#225;n en M&#233;xico.</em> (I am tired. I am dancing. The coffee is cold. They are in Mexico)</p><p>These are true right now and might not be true in an hour. <br><br>So when I said <em>soy aburrida</em> I used the forever verb as a permanent quality of my character: I am a boring person.</p><p><em>Estoy aburrida</em> uses the right-now verb: I am bored, in this moment, at this party, and it will pass. </p><p>Choosing between <em>ser</em> and <em>estar</em> is the choice between two entirely different confessions.</p><h2><strong>To Be and To Be Is the Answer</strong></h2><p>Your Spanish textbook might not have made the connection to English&#8217;s &#8220;to be.&#8221; <br><br>It should have. English speakers already understand the difference between forever and right-now. </p><p>You feel it. You know that &#8220;she is kind&#8221; says something about her character: <em>ser.</em></p><p>You also know that saying, &#8220;she is being difficult,&#8221; is a passing mood: <em>estar.</em></p><p><em>English doesn&#8217;t mark the distinction on the verb.</em> It holds both meanings in the same word. You must infer the correct category.<br><br>Spanish asks you to say explicitly which category you mean: forever or at this moment.<br><br>So learning <em>ser</em> and <em>estar</em> isn&#8217;t learning a new idea. It&#8217;s learning to declare a distinction your mind was already making, out loud. <br><br>That&#8217;s the beauty of cross-linguistic transfer: the bridge is already built. </p><p>Someone just has to point it out.</p><h2><strong>The Gift of Two Types of To Be</strong></h2><p>I have heard people say that <em>ser</em> and <em>estar</em> are two of the most bewildering things to learn about Spanish.<br><br>I see it this way: Spanish &#8220;to be&#8221; isn&#8217;t more confusing, it&#8217;s more <em>precise</em>.</p><p>In one single verb choice, Spanish can say something English needs a whole sentence to clarify. </p><p><em>Est&#225;s guapo</em> tells your date he looks great <em>tonight.</em> </p><p><em>Eres guapo</em> tells him he <em>is</em> handsome; he always has been, and he always will be.</p><p>English would need extra words and a careful tone to land that difference. </p><p>Spanish does it by assigning the appropriate verb.<br><br>Most of the confusion about <em>ser</em> and <em>estar</em> occurs with the adjectives of mood and physical state: the bored, tired, ready to go, and feeling cold words. (hint: <em>estoy</em>)</p><p>This is where forever and right-now are easiest to mix up. <br><br>After my abuelita and t&#237;a had a good laugh, I was given an important lesson. </p><p>&#8220;Mijita, t&#250; no eres aburrida, t&#250; est&#225;s aburrida.&#8221;</p><p>I wasn&#8217;t a bore, I was bored. Not <em>soy</em>, but <em>estoy</em>. </p><p>And I was grateful this boredom would pass. </p><h2>METAlinguistic Tactic #21: The Two-Column Sort</h2><p><strong>Don&#8217;t waste time memorizing a list of </strong><em><strong>ser</strong></em><strong> words and </strong><em><strong>estar</strong></em><strong> words.</strong></p><p>Lists can dissolve into the ether the moment you need them.</p><p>Build the distinction by hand instead, one adjective at a time, until it becomes automatic.<br><br> Here&#8217;s how:<br><br><strong>1. Draw two columns.</strong><br>Label one <em><strong>SER</strong></em>, the forever verb.</p><p>Label the other <em><strong>ESTAR</strong></em>, the right-now verb.<br><br><strong>2. Take one adjective and ask a single question.</strong><br>Am I naming <em>what this is,</em> or how it is <em>in this moment</em>?</p><p>The answer to this essential question will give you the information you need. <br>Sort the adjective into the appropriate column.</p><p><strong>3. Sort the easy ones first, to build trust in yourself.</strong><br>Tall, Salvadoran, a doctor, made of wood: these are <em>what a thing is in its essence.</em> <br>They go under <em>ser</em>.</p><p>Tired, at home, in love: these are <em>how a thing is right now.<br></em>They go under <em>estar</em>.<br><br><strong>4. Next, hunt for the ones with multiple personalities.</strong><br>Proud. Ready. Pretty. Good. <br>These can sit in either column, and <em>the column you pick changes the meaning.</em></p><p>Write each one twice and feel the difference out loud: <br><em>Soy orgullosa </em>shows a character flaw: I am prideful. </p><p><em>Estoy orgullosa </em>happens now: I feel proud.</p><p><strong>5. Write it, don&#8217;t just read it.<br></strong>Producing the sort with your own hand wires the pattern deeper than scanning a printed chart ever could. You&#8217;re teaching yourself so that later, in real time, mid-sentence, at a party full of your t&#237;as, the right one will emerge.<br><br><strong>6. Just add one new adjective a day.<br></strong>Not a list of fifty, just one single adjective to sort: <em>ser</em> or <em>estar</em>. <br>The forever-or-right-now question is your guide. <br>And every new word is one more rep.</p><h2><strong>Later that day</strong></h2><p><br>I&#8217;m not a boring person, at least I don&#8217;t think so. </p><p>But I was feeling bored, until my cousins arrived. </p><p>I would always be the granddaughter, the oldest sister, a bilingual.  </p><p><em>Soy la nieta, soy la hermana mayor, soy biling&#252;e.</em> </p><p>And now with my cousins here, I am excited, I am happy, I am laughing. </p><p><em>Estoy emocionada, estoy feliz, estoy riendo.</em> </p><p>The forever verb and the right-now verb. Two ways to be.<br><br>And we need them both.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/to-be-or-to-be-that-is-the-question/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/to-be-or-to-be-that-is-the-question/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2>Dos maneras de expresar una misma idea</h2><p><br>Yo era una ni&#241;a aburrida. No aburrida de vez en cuando: aburrida a niveles ol&#237;mpicos. Mi aburrimiento incesante me hizo experta en lanzarme hacia la pr&#243;xima cosa brillante sin detenerme a pensar mucho en las consecuencias.<br><br>Un s&#225;bado, estaba sentada con los adultos. Despu&#233;s de agotar todas mis ideas para entretenerme, les dije en voz alta a mi abuelita y a su hermana, mi t&#237;a Yolanda: &#171;Soy aburrida&#187;.</p><p>Esperaba que me dieran ideas para aliviar mi aburrimiento.<br><br>En cambio, las dos se echaron a re&#237;r.<br><br>En lugar de decir que me sent&#237;a aburrida, les hab&#237;a dicho, en esencia, que yo era una aburrida.<br><br>No conoc&#237;a a&#250;n la palabra exacta para nombrar mi estado de ese momento. En su lugar, me hab&#237;a sentenciado a aburrir a todos a mi alrededor, para siempre.<br><br>Ese d&#237;a aprend&#237; una distinci&#243;n filos&#243;fica.</p><p>Mi t&#237;a Yolanda, todav&#237;a ri&#233;ndose, me lo dijo claro: &#171;Mijita, t&#250; no eres aburrida, t&#250; est&#225;s aburrida&#187;.</p><p>Mi aburrimiento nunca fue <em>soy</em>. Era pasajero, et&#233;reo, sujeto a cambio: <em>estoy</em>.<br><br>Su risa se qued&#243; conmigo, marcando el momento en que entend&#237; mi error. No hab&#237;a confundido solo dos palabras.<br><br>Hab&#237;a confundido dos maneras de ser.<br><br>Criada entre el ingl&#233;s y el espa&#241;ol, yo tropec&#233; con esta frontera aprendiendo espa&#241;ol. Quienes est&#225;n aprendiendo ingl&#233;s pueden encontrarse con un obst&#225;culo semejante.</p><p>Porque el ingl&#233;s tiene su propia trampa con el verbo <em>to be</em>.</p><h2><strong>Un verbo partido en dos</strong></h2><p>T&#250; ya sabes algo que a los angloparlantes les cuesta a&#241;os entender.<br><br>En espa&#241;ol decimos <em>ser</em> o <em>estar</em>. <br>Ser: la identidad, el origen, lo que algo es en su esencia. <br>Estar: el estado, el &#225;nimo, el lugar, el momento.<br><br>Lo eliges bien toda tu vida sin pensarlo. Soy salvadore&#241;a, y estoy cansada. Una cosa es para siempre; la otra, pasajera.<br><br>El ingl&#233;s no hace nada de eso.<br><br>El ingl&#233;s tom&#243; esos dos verbos y los apret&#243; en uno solo: <em>to be</em>. <br><em>I am Salvadoran. I am tired. I am in Mexico.</em></p><p>Una sola palabra carga con <em>ser</em> y con <em>estar</em> a la vez, y nunca te pide que elijas.<br><br>Pero aqu&#237; viene lo curioso:<br><br><strong>Donde el espa&#241;ol </strong><em><strong>tiene</strong></em><strong>, el ingl&#233;s </strong><em><strong>es.</strong></em><br><br>El ingl&#233;s no se limit&#243; a combinar <em>ser</em> y <em>estar</em>.<br><br>Adem&#225;s, ha recogido un mont&#243;n de estados que en espa&#241;ol se tienen y te obliga a identificarte con ellos.<br><br>En espa&#241;ol, el hambre se tiene. El fr&#237;o se tiene. El miedo, la prisa, el sue&#241;o, los a&#241;os: todo eso se tiene.<br><br>Tengo hambre. Tengo fr&#237;o. Tengo miedo. Tengo veinte a&#241;os.<br><br>El ingl&#233;s mira esos mismos estados y dice que no, que esos no se tienen. Esos se son.<br></p><p><em>I am hungry.</em> Nunca&#8212;<em>I have hunger.</em><br><em><br>I am cold.</em> No&#8212;<em>I have cold</em>.</p><p><em>I am afraid.</em> Tampoco&#8212;<em>I have fear.</em></p><p><em>I am twenty years old.</em> Jam&#225;s&#8212;<em>I have twenty years</em>.</p><p>Por eso a tantos hispanohablantes se les escapa decir algo como: <br><em>I have hunger</em> o <em>I have twenty years</em>.</p><p>No es un descuido. Es tu espa&#241;ol, que te ense&#241;&#243;, con toda la raz&#243;n, que esos estados se poseen.</p><p>En ingl&#233;s, en lugar de tener estos estados, t&#250; <em>eres</em> estos estados.</p><h2><strong>To have o to be: esa es la trampa</strong></h2><p><br>La parte que ning&#250;n libro de texto te subray&#243;: t&#250; ya sientes esos estados.</p><p>El hambre, el fr&#237;o, el miedo no son ideas nuevas que tengas que aprender.</p><p>El &#250;nico cambio es la categor&#237;a a la que pertenecen: en espa&#241;ol&#8212;en el verbo <em>tener</em>; en ingl&#233;s&#8212;en el verbo <em>to be</em>. (<em>I am, she is, they are, we are</em>)</p><p>No est&#225;s aprendiendo a sentir. Est&#225;s aprendiendo a mudar un sentimiento de un verbo a otro.<br><br>Esa es la belleza de la transferencia entre lenguas: el puente ya est&#225; construido.<br><br>Alguien solo tiene que se&#241;alarlo.</p><h2><strong>T&#225;ctica metaling&#252;&#237;stica #25: La clasificaci&#243;n en dos columnas</strong></h2><p><br><em>No memorices una lista de frases con tener.</em></p><p>Las listas se evaporan justo cuando las necesitas.<br><br>Construye la distinci&#243;n a mano, un estado a la vez, hasta que sea autom&#225;tica.<br><br> As&#237;:<br><br><strong>1. Dibuja dos columnas.</strong><br>Asigna una en espa&#241;ol: SE TIENE<br>Asigna la otra en ingl&#233;s: <em>TO BE</em></p><p><strong>2. Toma un estado y hazte una sola pregunta.</strong></p><p>&#191;Es una condici&#243;n que en espa&#241;ol digo que tengo?  <br>Hambre, fr&#237;o, miedo, prisa, sue&#241;o, a&#241;os<br>(<em>Hungry, cold, afraid, rushing, sleepy, age</em>)</p><p>Si la respuesta es s&#237;, en ingl&#233;s casi siempre ser&#225; <em>I am,</em> no <em>I have</em>.</p><p>3. Empieza por los f&#225;ciles, para confiar en ti misma.</p><p>Tengo hambre: <em>I am hungry.</em><br>Tengo fr&#237;o: <em>I am cold</em>.<br>Tengo sue&#241;o: <em>I am sleepy</em>.<br>Tengo sed: <em>I am thirsty</em>.<br><br><strong>4. A continuaci&#243;n, busca los m&#225;s dif&#237;ciles.</strong> <br><br>Tengo suerte: <em>I am lucky.</em><br>Tengo cuidado: <em>I am careful.</em></p><p>Escribe cada uno y <em>dilo en voz alta</em> hasta que la versi&#243;n correcta sea la que te suene natural.<br><br><strong>5. Escr&#237;belo, no solo lo leas.<br></strong><br>Producir la lista con tu propia mano graba el patr&#243;n mucho m&#225;s hondo que mirar una tabla impresa. <br><br><strong>6. Agrega un estado nuevo al d&#237;a.</strong></p><p>Solo uno a la vez. La pregunta es: &#191;se tiene o t&#250; eres?  <br>Cada palabra nueva es una repetici&#243;n m&#225;s.</p><h3><strong>M&#225;s tarde ese d&#237;a</strong></h3><p>No soy una persona aburrida, o eso quiero creer.<br><br>Pero s&#237; estaba aburrida, hasta que llegaron mis primos.</p><p>Con mis primos en casa estaba emocionada, estaba feliz, estaba riendo.</p><p><strong>Soy </strong>la nieta.</p><p><strong>Estoy </strong>feliz.</p><p><strong>Tengo</strong> nueve a&#241;os.<br><br>En espa&#241;ol reparto todo eso entre tres verbos: lo soy, lo estoy o lo tengo.<br><br>En ingl&#233;s, una sola palabra cargar&#225; con casi todo.</p><p><em>I am</em> the granddaughter.</p><p><em>I am </em>happy.</p><p><em>I am</em> nine years old.<br><br>El espa&#241;ol reparte. El ingl&#233;s junta.</p><p>Dos fronteras distintas para una misma idea: lo que somos y c&#243;mo estamos.<br><br>Necesitamos los dos.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p>S&#225;bado School es un espacio biling&#252;e para hispanohablantes de herencia, estudiantes de ingl&#233;s, principiantes tard&#237;os y cualquiera que cruce un idioma hacia lo que ama. </p><p>Si ese eres t&#250;, bienvenido.<br><br>Gracias por leer.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"></p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Spanish Nouns Have Personalities]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/spanish-nouns-have-personalities</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/spanish-nouns-have-personalities</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 13 Jun 2026 23:17:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TQcI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0f63233-8c52-4a1d-ba25-4009f98b5c96_2112x1152.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TQcI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0f63233-8c52-4a1d-ba25-4009f98b5c96_2112x1152.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TQcI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0f63233-8c52-4a1d-ba25-4009f98b5c96_2112x1152.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TQcI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0f63233-8c52-4a1d-ba25-4009f98b5c96_2112x1152.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TQcI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0f63233-8c52-4a1d-ba25-4009f98b5c96_2112x1152.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TQcI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0f63233-8c52-4a1d-ba25-4009f98b5c96_2112x1152.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Choosing the correct Spanish article</figcaption></figure></div><p>We are talking on WhatsApp. Hercilia Bret&#243;n is listening the way a great language advisor listens: fully, warmly, and with the auditory acuteness of a barn owl.</p><p>We are thought-partnering in Spanish. I am building an idea out loud, reaching for the right words. My ideas are pretty good. My Spanish articles, not so much.<br><br> &#8220;...<em>y en el presentaci&#243;n</em>,&#8221; I say.<br><br> &#8220;<em>La presentaci&#243;n</em>,&#8221; she offers, her tone matter of fact.</p><p> A minute later I say with passion:  &#8220;<em>es la tema m&#225;s importante</em>.&#8221;<br><br> &#8220;<em>El tema</em>,&#8221; she says. Same warmth. No lecture.</p><p>I continue, &#8220;<em>...hasta llegar a el cumbre</em>.&#8221; </p><p>&#8220;<em>La cumbre</em>,&#8221; she shoots back. </p><p>Then I get to my final thought, &#8220;&#161;Es como una poema!&#8221; I am shouting. </p><p>&#8220;<em>Un poema</em>,&#8221; she corrects, calmly.<br><br>This is common in our conversations. Every time Hercilia interjects with the  correct way to say something, she is giving me a precious gift.</p><p>Four words. Four wrong articles. She catches each one without ever breaking the conversation.<br><br>And I am grateful for each save.</p><p>&#8220;<em>Mil gracias</em>,&#8221; I say giving her a thousand thanks for correcting me when my <em>el</em> should have been <em>la</em>, and my <em>la</em> should have been <em>el</em>.</p><p>Spanish articles have always felt like my Achilles&#8217; heel. <br><br>So I knew I had to stop being handed the right answer every time.<br><br>I needed to learn the rules.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><br><strong>Articles Aren&#8217;t Arbitrary</strong></h2><p>I know where my confusion came from. My four mistakes weren&#8217;t random.<br><br>Each one followed a logic. <em>Tema</em> (theme) and <em>poema</em> (poem) sounded feminine to my ears. They ended in <em>-a</em> and as a child I learned that when a word ended in <em>-a</em>, the article was <em>la</em>, and when it ended in <em>-o</em>, the correct article was <em>el</em>. </p><p>I was pattern-matching.</p><p>But I was also overgeneralizing. I was matching the wrong pattern.<br><br>My brain heard a word ending and made a prediction. &#8220;<em>Presentaci&#243;n</em> (presentation) ended in <em>-n</em>, so I had to guess, since the vowels <em>a</em> and <em>o</em> couldn&#8217;t help me. I assumed the word was masculine, so in a nanosecond I blurted el.</p><p>&#8220;<em>La</em> whenever you hear <em>-ci&#243;n</em>,&#8221; Hercilia gently explained.</p><p>This is the secret most of us were never told about grammatical gender in Spanish: Even the exceptions to the <em>a</em> and <em>o</em> rule are part of a system, with centuries of history.</p><p>Once you understand the system, you can make better predictions.<br><br>Start with the concept of el and la as <em>genders</em>. This single word carries more weight in English than it does in a grammar book.</p><p>Linguists use a colder, more precise name: <strong>a noun-class system</strong>. A way of sorting every noun into a group.</p><p>As far back as we can reconstruct, the ancestor of Spanish did not begin by sorting words into masculine and feminine at all.</p><p>It sorted them into <strong>animate and inanimate</strong>: living and not-living.</p><p>The feminine category arrived later, when the animate group split in two.<br><br>Before the noun-class system of Spanish assigned masculine and feminine categories, nouns were sorted based on whether a thing could breathe.</p><p>Huh, interesting.</p><p>So, saying <em>el libro</em> is not making a claim about the book&#8217;s masculinity. It is a filing system. One that carried over from an ancient sorting and classifying tendency that <em>nearly half the world&#8217;s languages</em> still carry today.<br><br>Spanish nouns don&#8217;t have a gender so much as a personality: a set of habits about how they like to show up in the language.</p><h2><strong>Getting to Know the Noun&#8217;s Personality</strong></h2><p>Most of the time, these personalities are easy to read.<br><br>A <strong>noun that</strong> <strong>ends in -o almost always keeps to the masculine category</strong>: <em>el libro, el carro, el dinero. (book, car, money)</em></p><p>A <strong>noun that ends in -a almost always sticks to the feminine article</strong> <em><strong>la</strong></em>: <em>la casa, la mesa, la vida. (house, table, life)</em><br><br>After that,<strong> the endings give clues </strong>about the personality.</p><p><strong>Anything ending in </strong><em><strong>-ci&#243;n</strong></em><strong> or </strong><em><strong>-si&#243;n</strong></em><strong> is feminine</strong>: <em>la presentaci&#243;n</em> (Hercilia was right), <em>la canci&#243;n, la decisi&#243;n. </em>(presentation, song, decision)</p><p><strong>Anything ending in </strong><em><strong>-dad, -tad, -tud,</strong></em><strong> or </strong><em><strong>-umbre</strong></em><strong> is also feminine:</strong> <em>la ciudad, la libertad, la cumbre.</em> Hercilia, again. (city, liberty, summit)</p><p>On the masculine side, <em><strong>-or</strong></em><strong> and </strong><em><strong>-aje</strong></em><strong> usually hold to the masculine classification</strong>: <em>el amor, el color, el paisaje. </em>(love, color, landscape)</p><p>If this feels familiar, it&#8217;s because the bilingual brain runs on prediction, quietly building a probability model from the thousands of examples it has already heard.</p><p>Noun endings fit neatly into the prediction model. Each ending gives a clue, and your brain can learn the pattern of matching a noun ending to an article.<br><br>Two of my four mistakes came from me overgeneralizing. I assumed that words ending in a <em>consonant</em> or  <em>-e</em> and would take a masculine article. But <em>la presentaci&#243;n</em> and <em>la cumbre</em> were following the rules perfectly. I just hadn&#8217;t learned those rules yet.<br><br>The other two <em>poema</em> and <em>tema</em> are a different story. </p><p>They belong to the nouns with the most stubborn personalities of all.</p><h2><strong><br>When Nouns Rebel</strong></h2><p><em>Tema</em> and <em>poema</em> are immigrants.<br><br>They came into Spanish from Greek, and they brought their history with them.</p><p>In Greek, words like <em>pr&#243;blema, s&#237;stema,</em> and <em>t&#233;ma</em> belonged to a third gender that Spanish no longer has for its nouns: the neuter. (problem, system, theme)</p><p>When they passed through Latin and into Spanish, the neuter dissolved, and most of its nouns were re-sorted as masculine. So these words kept the <em>-a</em> ending and were assigned the masculine article: <em>el</em>.</p><p>To my pattern-recognizing brain, they felt like a mismatch, and I got the article wrong every time, until I learned their history.</p><p>This whole family of words ending in <em>-a</em> refuses the feminine article because they were originally grouped as neuter in Greek, then shifted to masculine: <em>el problema, el tema, el sistema, el programa, el idioma, el clima, el poema, el drama, el dilema, el s&#237;ntoma. </em>(problem, theme, system, program, language, climate, poem, drama, dilemma, symptom)<br><br>Here&#8217;s a trick to spot them: if the English cousin ends in <em>-matic</em> (problematic, systematic, dramatic), the word is Greek, and the article is <em>el: problem&#225;tico, sistem&#225;tico, dram&#225;tico.</em></p><p>A few more nouns traveled along the same road from Greek to Latin, ending in <em>-ta</em> and <em>-pa</em>: el planeta, el cometa, el mapa. (planet, comet, map)<br><br><em>But not every rebel is Greek.</em></p><p><em>El d&#237;a</em> comes from Latin <em>dies</em> and simply kept to the category it always kept. I knew this one by heart because I grew up hearing <em>buenos d&#237;as</em>. (good morning)</p><p>The rule bends the other way, too. My abuelita used to say, <em>&#8220;Dame la mano,&#8221;</em> when it was time to cross the street. Mano ends in <em>-o</em> straight from its Latin mother <em>manus</em>. The word for hand kept its feminine pattern when it migrated to Spanish.</p><p>Then there are the nouns whose names got shortened to a nickname, but they kept the original article, like being called by the legal name on your birth certificate:  <em>la foto</em> from <em>la fotograf&#237;a</em>, <em>la moto</em> from <em>la motocicleta</em>, <em>la radio</em> from <em>la radiodifusi&#243;n</em>. (photo, motorcycle, radio)<br><br><strong>The one that stumps me the most is the one that only pretends to break the rule.</strong><br><br>You will hear <em>el agua, el &#225;guila, el alma</em>. (water, eagle, soul)</p><p>Every <em>el</em> makes the noun look like it belongs to the masculine classification. But none of them do.</p><p>These are feminine nouns that happen to begin with a stressed <em>a-</em> sound. Spanish does not like the sound of <em>la agua.</em> So it borrows <em>el</em> for a smoother articulation.</p><p>But the noun never actually changes its feminine classification and behaves as though this is the pattern it belongs to.</p><p>Adding an adjective to describe the noun reveals the noun&#8217;s true classification: <em>el agua fr&#237;a</em>, never <em>fr&#237;o</em>. (cold water)</p><p>Change the noun to the plural form and the pattern is solidified: <em>las aguas, las &#225;guilas</em>.</p><p>This system is so consistent that even when it seems out of order, the plural or the adjective confirms the noun&#8217;s real personality.</p><p><strong>Some nouns carry two personalities at once.</strong></p><p><em>These nouns switch their meaning depending on which article stands in front of them:</em><br><br> <em>el capital</em> is money; <em>la capital</em> is the city.<br> <em>el cura</em> is the priest; <em>la cura</em> is the cure.<br> <em>el papa</em> is the Pope; <em>la papa</em> is the potato.<br> <em>el coma</em> is a coma; <em>la coma</em> is a comma.<br><br>These single nouns live double lives.</p><p>The article is giving crucial information about the meaning or semantics of the word.</p><p>Use the wrong article, and you might be saying there is a lot of traffic in the money, or that there is a potato leading mass at the Vatican, or some other error that I am sure I have made.</p><p>There is one more place where the pattern has changed, and this one lives at <em>the intersection of humanity and language.</em></p><p>In recent years, some speakers have begun using an <em>-e</em> ending, <em>latine, elle, amigues</em> (latin, they, friends), as a way to name people without sorting them into masculine or feminine.</p><p>The Real Academia Espa&#241;ola (RAE) has logged <em>elle</em> on its watch-list. The RAE has not endorsed this non-binary modification, noting that the <em>-e</em> forms are not yet settled.</p><p>Yet, language is not a fixed monument. It is dynamic and constantly guided by the people, experiences, and cultures that shape it.</p><p>And the language already held a quieter version of this move.</p><p>Words like <em>el</em> or <em>la artista</em>, <em>el</em> or <em>la estudiante</em>, never change their ending at all. The noun stays put, and the article does the clarifying.</p><p>In my search for the reasons why Spanish articles always trip me up, I discovered that <em>el, la, and elle</em>, carry much more weight than the English<em> the</em> could ever aspire to.</p><h2><strong>METAlinguistic Tactic #24</strong></h2><p><strong>Read the Ending First</strong><br><br>The next time you reach for a Spanish noun and aren&#8217;t sure whether it travels with <em>el</em> or <em>la</em>, don&#8217;t guess like I did.</p><p>Read its ending, and let the ending make the prediction for you.<br><br><strong>Ask yourself, in this order:</strong><br><br>Does it end in -<em>ci&#243;n, -si&#243;n, -dad, -tad, -tud, or -umbre</em>? Feminine.</p><p>Does it end in <em>-or or -aje</em>? <br>Masculine.</p><p>Does it end in <em>-ma</em> with a Greek cousin in <em>-matic</em>? <br>Masculine, no matter the <em>-a</em>.<br><br>Does it end in plain <em>-o</em> or <em>-a</em> with no other clue? <br>Trust <em>-o</em> for masculine, <em>-a</em> for feminine. <br>But keep a short list of the rebels in your pocket. <br><br>Think about these rebels as a classification, not one by one:</p><p>The Greek crew: <em>el problema, el tema, el sistema, el programa, el idioma, el clima, el poema, el drama, el dilema, el s&#237;ntoma.</em></p><p>Add on: <em>dram&#225;tico, sistem&#225;tico, tem&#225;tico.</em></p><p>The shortened nouns: <em>la foto, la moto, la radio.</em></p><p>Two famous loners: <em>el d&#237;a</em> and <em>la mano</em>.<br><br>These exceptions stand in for thousands of nouns. This list will help you predict the article for nearly every other Spanish noun you will encounter.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><br>The next time I sit across from Hercilia, I will still make mistakes. That is the deal I have made with my Spanish. I will always be learning it.<br><br>But now when she reminds me that it&#8217;s <em>el tema</em>, I will not just hear a correction. I will hear a Greek word that crossed an ocean and kept its tradition. </p><p>And I will hear my abuelita&#8217;s &#8220;<em>Dame la manita</em>,&#8221; just before I cross the street.<br><br>S&#225;bado School is a bilingual space for heritage Spanish speakers, English learners, late beginners, and anyone reaching across a language toward what they love.<br><br> If that is you, welcome.<br><br> <em>Gracias</em> for reading.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/spanish-nouns-have-personalities/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/spanish-nouns-have-personalities/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h1>El art&#237;culo que desaparece</h1><p>Estamos hablando por WhatsApp. Hercilia Bret&#243;n escucha como solo sabe escuchar una gran asesora de lengua: con toda su atenci&#243;n, con calidez y con el o&#237;do fin&#237;simo de un b&#250;ho.</p><p>Estamos pensando juntas, en voz alta, en espa&#241;ol. Voy construyendo una idea y, con mucho esfuerzo, buscando las palabras exactas. Mis ideas no est&#225;n mal. Mis art&#237;culos, otra historia.</p><p>&#171;...y en <em>el presentaci&#243;n</em>&#187;, digo.</p><p>&#171;<em>La presentaci&#243;n</em>&#187;, me ofrece, en un tono de lo m&#225;s natural.</p><p>Un minuto despu&#233;s digo, con pasi&#243;n: &#171;<em>la tema</em> m&#225;s importante&#187;.</p><p>&#171;<em>El tema</em>&#187;, responde. La misma calidez. Sin serm&#243;n.</p><p>&#171;...hasta llegar a <em>el cumbre</em>&#187;. </p><p>&#171;<em>La cumbre&#187;</em>, me corrige al vuelo.</p><p>Y llego a mi &#250;ltima idea. &#171;&#161;Es como <em>una poema!</em>&#187;, grito. </p><p>&#171;<em>Un poema&#187;</em>, ajusta con calma.</p><p>Cuatro palabras. Cuatro art&#237;culos equivocados. Hercilia los caza todos sin romper la conversaci&#243;n.</p><p><em>Mil gracias</em>, le digo. Mil gracias por recordarme que era <em>la</em> y no <em>el</em>.</p><p>Los art&#237;culos siempre han sido mi tal&#243;n de Aquiles.</p><p>Pero resulta que los art&#237;culos son una calle de doble sentido.</p><p>A m&#237; me traicionan <em>el</em> y <em>la</em>. </p><p>Y si t&#250; est&#225;s leyendo esto mientras caminas hacia el ingl&#233;s, te espera la trampa de regreso.</p><h2><strong>La buena noticia (y la trampa que esconde)</strong></h2><p>Empecemos por el alivio.</p><p>En espa&#241;ol, el art&#237;culo trabaja duro. Cambia por g&#233;nero y por n&#250;mero: <em>el, la, los, las</em>, y tiene que concordar con todo lo que toca.</p><p>En ingl&#233;s hay una sola palabra para casi todo: <em>the</em>. <em>The book, the books, the apple, the women</em>. No hay que adivinar g&#233;nero. No hay que concordar nada.</p><p>Por fin, algo m&#225;s f&#225;cil, piensas.</p><p>Y ah&#237; est&#225; la trampa. </p><p>Porque esa misma sencillez esconde un sistema que casi nadie te explica.</p><h2><strong>La regla del sonido</strong></h2><p>Antes de <em>the</em>, el ingl&#233;s tiene otro art&#237;culo, el que usamos para nombrar algo por primera vez: <em>a</em>. Y a veces se convierte en <em>an</em>.</p><p>&#191;Cu&#225;ndo? </p><p>Aqu&#237; viene lo bonito. Por la misma raz&#243;n por la que en espa&#241;ol decimos <em>el agua</em> y no <em>la agua</em>: por el sonido.</p><p>El espa&#241;ol elige <em>el</em> para <em>agua</em> porque <em>la agua</em> suena &#225;spero al o&#237;do. </p><p>El ingl&#233;s elige entre <em>a</em> y <em>an</em> por exactamente el mismo instinto.</p><p>Antes de un sonido de vocal, <em>an</em>. Antes de un sonido de consonante, <em>a</em>. <em>A book. An artist.</em></p><p>Pero ojo: es el <em>sonido</em>, no la letra. Decimos <em>an hour</em> porque la <em>h</em> es muda y la palabra abre con vocal. </p><p>Y decimos <em>a university</em> porque, aunque empieza con <em>u</em>, suena como &#8220;yu&#8221;, que es una consonante.</p><p>Igual que <em>el agua</em> nunca se trat&#243; de g&#233;nero sino de o&#237;do, <em><strong>a</strong></em><strong> y </strong><em><strong>an</strong></em><strong> nunca se trataron de ortograf&#237;a sino de o&#237;do.</strong></p><h2><strong>Cuando el art&#237;culo desaparece</strong></h2><p>Aqu&#237; est&#225; la dificultad de verdad, la que hace que un hispanohablante suene <em>traducido</em>.</p><p>El espa&#241;ol ama sus art&#237;culos. Decimos <em><strong>Los</strong> perros son leales</em>. <em>Me gusta <strong>el</strong> caf&#233;</em>. <em><strong>La</strong> vida es bella</em>. <em><strong>El</strong> amor es ciego</em>.</p><p><strong>El ingl&#233;s, cuando habla en general, los borra todos.</strong></p><p><em>Dogs are loyal. I like coffee. Life is beautiful. Love is blind.</em></p><p>Sin art&#237;culo. Ninguno.</p><p>Y este es el error m&#225;s com&#250;n y m&#225;s invisible: traducir <em>Me gustan los perros</em> como <em>I like the dogs</em>. </p><p>Para un o&#237;do angloparlante, eso no significa que te gusten los perros <em>en general.</em> <em>The dogs</em> significa que te gustan unos perros espec&#237;ficos, <em>esos de all&#225;.</em></p><p><em>El art&#237;culo de m&#225;s cambia el sentido.</em> Pones <em>the</em> donde no va, y de repente est&#225;s hablando de unos perros que nadie mencion&#243;.</p><h2><strong>Y justo cuando crees que ya entendiste</strong></h2><p>El ingl&#233;s te da la vuelta.</p><p>Porque hay un lugar donde el espa&#241;ol borra el art&#237;culo y el ingl&#233;s insiste en ponerlo: las profesiones.</p><p>En espa&#241;ol decimos <em>Soy maestra</em>. <em>Es m&#233;dico</em>. <em>Ella es ingeniera</em>. Limpio, sin art&#237;culo.</p><p>En ingl&#233;s tienes que decir <em>I am <strong>a</strong> teacher</em>. <em>She is <strong>a</strong> doctor</em>. <em>He is <strong>an</strong> engineer</em>.</p><p>Donde el espa&#241;ol calla, el ingl&#233;s habla. Y donde el espa&#241;ol habla, el ingl&#233;s calla.</p><p>Hasta hay sustantivos que cambian de significado seg&#250;n lleven <em>the</em> o no. </p><p><em>He goes to school</em> quiere decir que <em>estudia</em> ah&#237;.</p><p><em>He goes to <strong>the</strong> school</em> quiere decir que <em>va al edificio</em>, quiz&#225; para recoger a su hija.</p><p>Ponle o qu&#237;tale ese <em>the</em>, y la frase ya quiere decir otra cosa.</p><p>Ese <em>the</em> no es adorno: es una se&#241;al.</p><h2><strong>El borde humano de la lengua</strong></h2><p>Y como <em>the</em> no carga g&#233;nero, el ingl&#233;s tampoco te obliga a marcarlo en las cosas. Un libro, una mesa, una idea: en ingl&#233;s, todos son <em>the</em>, sin masculino ni femenino. (the book, the table, the idea)</p><p>En el borde humano de la lengua, el ingl&#233;s guarda algo parecido. Desde hace siglos existe el <em>they</em> singular para hablar de alguien sin decir si es &#233;l o ella: <em>Someone left their umbrella</em>. </p><p>Hoy ese mismo <em>they</em> tambi&#233;n sirve para nombrar a una persona que no se identifica como hombre ni mujer. A diferencia del <em>elle</em> en espa&#241;ol, que apenas empieza su camino, el <em>they</em> singular ya vive en los diccionarios y en las gu&#237;as de estilo del ingl&#233;s.</p><p>Cada lengua encuentra, a su manera y a su paso, c&#243;mo hacerle espacio a todos los que la hablan.</p><h2><strong>T&#225;ctica metaling&#252;&#237;stica #24</strong></h2><h3><strong>Lee el contexto antes del art&#237;culo</strong></h3><p>La pr&#243;xima vez que busques un art&#237;culo en ingl&#233;s, no traduzcas directo del espa&#241;ol. </p><p><strong>Preg&#250;ntate, en este orden:</strong></p><p>&#191;Est&#225;s hablando en general? (<em>perros, caf&#233;, amor, vida</em>) &#8594; No pongas art&#237;culo. <em>Dogs are loyal.</em></p><p>&#191;Es una profesi&#243;n despu&#233;s de <em>to be</em>? &#8594; Pon <em>a</em> o <em>an</em>. <em>I am a teacher. He is an architect.</em></p><p>&#191;La siguiente palabra empieza con <em>sonido</em> de vocal? &#8594; <em>an</em>. Si no, <em>a</em>. <em>An honor, a unicorn. </em></p><p>&#191;Es <em>algo espec&#237;fico</em> que ya mencionaste o que ambos conocen? &#8594; <em>the</em>. <em>The book I told you about. (</em>El libro del que te habl&#233;<em>)</em></p><div><hr></div><p>Los art&#237;culos nos cuestan a quienes cruzamos hacia otra lengua.</p><p>A m&#237; me cuestan <em>el</em> y <em>la</em>. </p><p>A ti, tal vez te cuesten <em>a</em>, <em>an</em> y <em>the</em>. </p><p>Pero con un poco de conciencia, los dos sabremos cu&#225;l art&#237;culo va.</p><p>Los art&#237;culos nunca fueron decoraci&#243;n. </p><p>Ni en espa&#241;ol ni en ingl&#233;s.</p><p>Son un sistema. Y con pr&#225;ctica, lo vamos a dominar.</p><div><hr></div><p>S&#225;bado School es un espacio biling&#252;e para hispanohablantes de herencia, estudiantes de ingl&#233;s, principiantes tard&#237;os y cualquiera que cruce una lengua para acercarse a lo que ama.</p><p>Si ese es tu caso, te damos la bienvenida.</p><p>Gracias por leer.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/spanish-nouns-have-personalities/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/spanish-nouns-have-personalities/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[I Just Put My Adjectives on Backwards]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-just-put-my-adjectives-on-backwards</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-just-put-my-adjectives-on-backwards</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 07 Jun 2026 05:08:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3MiC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F06679245-7ede-4d99-9867-d2fd0258cae0_2016x1512.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Playa El Tunco, El Salvador</figcaption></figure></div><p>I took my son and daughter to El Tunco beach, AKA Surf City, on their first trip to El Salvador. They grew up in Hawaii, and love to surf.</p><p>I had gotten up before them and watched the sun rise above the waves to the east. Now as they were catching their last waves of the day, I saw that the sun was about to dip into the ocean to the west. </p><p>At El Tunco, I could see the sun rise and set on the same stretch of sand and sea!</p><p>With my kids happily surfing, I sat to watch the purple, pink, orange, and gold sunset.</p><p>This is how my English brain contextualized it: a beautiful golden pink sunset. All the adjectives were stacked before the noun&#8212;sunset.</p><p>Many tourists and locals had come down to the beach to watch too. I heard a salvadore&#241;a say, &#8220;Mira el atardecer rosa, violeta, dorado, incre&#237;ble.&#8221; Look at the sunset. Pink. Violet. Golden. Incredible.</p><p>What struck me was that she was using the default Spanish pattern: noun first, then adjective. </p><p>When I thought about it her way, I saw the sunset differently.</p><p>Instead of putting all of the adjectives before what I was describing&#8212;a sunset&#8212;I thought about what a sunset is.</p><p>The earth was spinning so I was seeing the sun sink into the horizon. Then I let all the adjectives wash over the setting sun like beautiful colors of light.</p><p><em>El atardecer, bello, dorado, rosado.</em></p><p>In English, we describe the sunset before we mention it. <em>A beautiful sunset.</em></p><p>In Spanish, we can look at the sunset first, then name what we see. <em>Un atardecer bello.</em></p><p>After my kids came in from riding the waves,  we walked back to our rental. Along the way, my mind started doing linguistic gymnastics.</p><p>That&#8217;s  an old dog, <em>un perro viejo</em>.</p><p>That&#8217;s a huge wave, <em>una ola gigante</em>.</p><p>This is a rocky path, <em>un camino pedregoso</em>.</p><p>I wondered if by shifting my language, I could be shifting into a different way of describing my world?</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong>What Comes First the Noun or the Adjective?</strong></h2><p>When we speak in English, we start with,  &#8220;What kind of [noun] are we talking about?&#8221;</p><p>Gorgeous sunset, fast car, dear friend.</p><p>When we speak Spanish, we start with, &#8220;What is this [noun], and what&#8217;s special about it?&#8221;</p><p><em>Atardecer hermoso, coche r&#225;pido, amiga querida.</em></p><p>English gives some context before the main information. English front loads the distinctive quality, then establishes the category.</p><p>Spanish hears or sees the noun first, then provides modifiers. Spanish usually establishes the category first, then adds the distinguishing feature.</p><p>But what I found especially interesting about Spanish is that even though noun-then-adjective is the default, <em>it is not the only way to structure sentences in Spanish</em>. </p><p>Spanish adjectives don&#8217;t get moved around arbitrarily. The shift happens with intention, and it <em>signals something specific about the relationship between the adjective and the noun.</em></p><p><strong>Moving adjectives around has a profound impact on meaning.</strong></p><h3><strong>Meaning Changes with Position</strong></h3><p>Where you place the adjective fundamentally changes what you&#8217;re saying In Spanish.</p><p>Adjectives before the noun typically express: </p><ul><li><p><em>Relational qualities</em> (how the thing relates to you)</p></li><li><p><em>Subjective evaluations</em> (the speaker&#8217;s judgment, not an objective fact)</p></li><li><p><em>Limiting or identifying</em> qualities (this one&#8212;not that one)</p></li><li><p><em>Emotional or evaluative</em> framings (beloved, mere, unfortunate)</p></li></ul><p>Adjectives after nouns typically express: </p><ul><li><p><em>Inherent properties</em> (what the thing is)</p></li><li><p><em>Objective descriptions</em> (factual, observable, neutral)</p></li><li><p><em>Physical or measurable</em> characteristics (color, size, age)</p></li><li><p><em>Informative</em> qualities (additional information)</p></li></ul><p>The same three words, ordered differently change the meaning of these two phrases:</p><ul><li><p>Un viejo amigo</p></li><li><p>Un amigo viejo</p></li></ul><p>The same words, saying different things.</p><p>In the first description, the <strong>adjective before the noun</strong> (<em>un <strong>viejo</strong> amigo</em>) tells you about the relationship: the <em>friendship</em> is old, established, rooted in time.</p><p>The second description, the <strong>adjective after the noun</strong> (<em>un amigo <strong>viejo</strong></em>) tells you about the person: your friend has been alive for a long time.</p><p>Two different truths, each encoded by a grammatical choice.</p><p>English relies on different words to express these nuances. You say &#8220;an <strong>old </strong>friend&#8221; vs. &#8220;an <strong>elderly</strong> friend.&#8221; Vocabulary does the work to distinguish between relational time and chronological age.</p><p>Spanish uses the same word (viejo). Yet, this same adjective is transformed based on its position.</p><p><strong>This is a profound difference in how the two languages categorize reality.</strong></p><p>This is why when I tried describing the sunset in Spanish it felt like I was revealing it rather than defining it.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Metalinguistic Tactic #23</h3><p><strong>Reverse the Position, See what changes.</strong></p><p>Spanish adjectives have a default placement: after the noun. Yet, they can move to be placed before the noun and when they do, the meaning shifts. </p><p>It&#8217;s not a willy-nilly flexible placement. Where the adjective is placed will signal a different kind of meaning. </p><p><strong>Consider the following examples:</strong></p><p><strong>una nueva casa: </strong>a different house, one that is new to you (relational)<br><strong>una casa nueva: </strong>a newly built house (inherent)</p><p><strong>un &#250;nico hijo: </strong>an only child with no siblings (identifying)<br><strong>un hijo &#250;nico: </strong>a unique or special child (describing)</p><p>When you move an adjective before the noun, you're typically shifting from describing the <em>context</em> to describing an <em>inherent quality</em>. (un &#250;nico hijo)</p><p>Or from being <em>objective</em> to being <em>subjective</em>. (una nueva casa)</p><p>As you encounter Spanish phrases, pay attention to the adjective placement. If you were to move the position of the adjective, how would that change the meaning?</p><p>Reflecting on this will transform how you learn Spanish.</p><div><hr></div><p>This is metalinguistic awareness in action. You&#8217;re not just learning where to put adjectives. You&#8217;re learning that <em>where</em> you put them is a conscious choice that carries meaning.</p><p>When you internalize this, something shifts. You understand the difference between Spanish and English precision. </p><p>English uses vocabulary to distinguish between &#8220;old friend&#8221; and &#8220;elderly friend.&#8221; </p><p>Spanish uses position. </p><p>Both are elegant. Both are intentional.</p><p>I started thinking of Spanish as a language that trusts me to place words where they need to go so I can say exactly what I  mean when I describe the sunset. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-just-put-my-adjectives-on-backwards/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-just-put-my-adjectives-on-backwards/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2><strong>Acabo de Poner mis Adjetivos al Rev&#233;s</strong></h2><p>Llev&#233; a mi hijo y a mi hija a la playa El Tunco, tambi&#233;n conocida como Surf City, en su primer viaje a El Salvador. Crecieron en Haw&#225;i y les encantaba surfear.</p><p>Me hab&#237;a levantado antes que ellos y vi el sol salir sobre las olas hacia el este. Ahora, mientras atrapaban las &#250;ltimas olas del d&#237;a, vi que el sol estaba a punto de hundirse en el oc&#233;ano hacia el oeste.</p><p>&#161;En El Tunco, pod&#237;a ver el sol salir y ponerse en la misma franja de arena y mar!</p><p>Mientras mis hijos surfeaban felices, me sent&#233; a ver la puesta de sol: p&#250;rpura, rosa, naranja y dorada.</p><p>As&#237; es como mi cerebro en ingl&#233;s la contextualiz&#243;: <em>a beautiful golden pink sunset</em> (una puesta de sol hermosa dorada rosada). En ingl&#233;s todos los adjetivos estaban amontonados antes del sustantivo&#8212;sunset.</p><p>Muchos turistas y habitantes locales hab&#237;an bajado a la playa para verla tambi&#233;n. Escuch&#233; a una salvadore&#241;a decir: &#171;Mira el atardecer rosa, violeta, dorado, incre&#237;ble&#187;. Mira el atardecer. Rosa. Violeta. Dorado. Incre&#237;ble.</p><p>Lo que me llam&#243; la atenci&#243;n fue que estaba usando el patr&#243;n predeterminado del espa&#241;ol: sustantivo primero, luego adjetivo.</p><p>Cuando lo pens&#233; a su manera, vi el atardecer de forma diferente.</p><p>En lugar de poner todos los adjetivos antes de lo que estaba describiendo&#8212;una puesta de sol&#8212;pens&#233; en qu&#233; es una puesta de sol.</p><p>La tierra estaba girando, as&#237; que estaba viendo el sol hundirse en el horizonte. Luego dej&#233; que todos los adjetivos se derramaran sobre el sol poniente como colores de luz hermosos.</p><p>El atardecer, bello, dorado, rosado.</p><p>En ingl&#233;s, describimos la puesta de sol antes de mencionarla. <em>A beautiful sunset</em>.</p><p>En espa&#241;ol, podemos mirar la puesta de sol primero, luego nombrar lo que vemos. <em>Un atardecer bello</em>.</p><p>Despu&#233;s de que mis hijos salieron de las olas, regresamos a nuestra casa de alquiler. En el camino, mi mente comenz&#243; a hacer acrobacias ling&#252;&#237;sticas.</p><p>Ese es un perro viejo. <em>That is an old dog.</em></p><p>Esa es una ola gigante. <em>That is a huge wave.</em></p><p>Este es un camino pedregoso. <em>This is a rocky path.</em></p><p>Me pregunt&#233;: &#191;si cambio mi idioma, podr&#237;a estar cambiando mi forma de describir el mundo?</p><h3><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; Viene Primero: El Sustantivo o el Adjetivo?</strong></h3><p>Cuando hablo espa&#241;ol, comienzo con: &#191;Qu&#233; <em>es</em> este [sustantivo]? Luego a&#241;ado las caracter&#237;sticas.</p><p><em>El atardecer, hermoso. El perro, viejo. La ola, gigante.</em></p><p>Cuando hablo ingl&#233;s, <em>debo</em> comenzar con: &#191;Qu&#233; <em>tipo de</em> [sustantivo]? Los adjetivos vienen primero, siempre.</p><p><em>A beautiful sunset. An old dog. A huge wave.</em></p><p>Esta es la diferencia fundamental: el espa&#241;ol me permite nombrar la cosa primero y luego describirla. El ingl&#233;s me <em>requiere</em> describir la cualidad primero, luego la cosa.</p><p>Pero, el espa&#241;ol tambi&#233;n es flexible. Puedo decir &#8220;un viejo amigo&#8221; (la amistad es antigua) o &#8220;un amigo viejo&#8221; (la persona es vieja). La misma palabra, dos significados, dependiendo de d&#243;nde la coloque.</p><p>El ingl&#233;s es m&#225;s r&#237;gido. Siempre digo &#8220;an old friend.&#8221; No tengo opci&#243;n. El adjetivo debe venir primero. No puedo decir &#8220;a friend old.&#8221;</p><p>El orden de las palabras en cada idioma es intencional. </p><p>Y cambia <em>c&#243;mo describo</em> en cada idioma.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>El Orden de los Adjetivos</strong></h3><p>Cuando describimos en espa&#241;ol, revelamos la cosa primero, luego sus cualidades.</p><p><em>El atardecer. Rosa. Violeta. Dorado. Incre&#237;ble.</em></p><p>Es como si dijera: &#171;Mira. Hay un atardecer. Ahora observa lo que tiene&#187;.</p><p>Cuando describimos en ingl&#233;s, <em>preparamos</em> al oyente con cualidades antes de revelar la cosa.</p><p><em>A beautiful, golden, pink, incredible sunset.</em></p><p>Es como si dijera: &#171;Prep&#225;rate. Aqu&#237; viene algo hermoso. Aqu&#237; viene algo dorado. Aqu&#237; viene algo rosado. Y luego&#8212;un atardecer&#187;.</p><p>Estos son dos marcos diferentes. Dos formas diferentes de <em>enmarcar la realidad a trav&#233;s del lenguaje</em>.</p><p>En espa&#241;ol, la cosa es primero. El ingl&#233;s pone la <em>expectativa</em> primero.</p><p>Cuando estoy hablando ingl&#233;s, estoy cambiando mi forma de <em>enmarcar</em> lo que veo. Ya no digo &#171;el atardecer, hermoso&#187;. Digo &#8220;a beautiful sunset&#8221;&#8212;preparando mentalmente al oyente para hermosura antes de decirle qu&#233; es hermoso.</p><p>Esta no es una diferencia peque&#241;a. </p><p><em>Es una diferencia en c&#243;mo priorizo informaci&#243;n cuando hablo.</em></p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Donde Colocas el Adjetivo Cambia Fundamentalmente Lo Que Dices</strong></h3><p>En espa&#241;ol, puedes mover el adjetivo y cambiar el significado:</p><p><strong>Un viejo amigo</strong> = la amistad es antigua, establecida, enraizada en el tiempo <br><strong>Un amigo viejo</strong> = tu amigo es cronol&#243;gicamente viejo</p><p><strong>Una nueva casa</strong> = una casa diferente, nueva para ti <br><strong>Una casa nueva</strong> = una casa reci&#233;n construida</p><p>Pero en ingl&#233;s, no puedes hacer esto:</p><p><strong>&#8220;An old friend&#8221;</strong> = la &#250;nica opci&#243;n (&#191;la amistad es vieja, o el amigo es viejo? El contexto debe aclarar.) <strong>&#8220;A new house&#8221;</strong> = la &#250;nica opci&#243;n (&#191;diferente, o reci&#233;n construida? De nuevo, dependes del contexto.)</p><p><strong>El ingl&#233;s ha removido esta flexibilidad.</strong> Los adjetivos est&#225;n bloqueados en su lugar. Siempre vienen primero.</p><p>Esto significa que para el aprendiz de ingl&#233;s, se pierde una herramienta que tiene en espa&#241;ol: la capacidad de usar la posici&#243;n del adjetivo para precisar exactamente qu&#233; quiere decir.</p><p>En cambio, el ingl&#233;s le fuerza a ser m&#225;s <em>r&#225;pido y m&#225;s directo</em>. </p><p>No hay tiempo de nombrar la cosa primero. Debes describir la cualidad inmediatamente.</p><p>El ingl&#233;s conf&#237;a en que el contexto aclarar&#225; lo que quieres decir. </p><p>El espa&#241;ol conf&#237;a en que la posici&#243;n del adjetivo transmite precisamente el significado.</p><p>Ambas son elegantes. </p><p>Ambas son intencionales.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>T&#225;ctica Metaling&#252;&#237;stica #23: Observa C&#243;mo el Ingl&#233;s Te Bloquea</strong></h3><p>Como hablante de espa&#241;ol aprendiendo ingl&#233;s, puedes notar esto:</p><p>En espa&#241;ol, tienes opciones sobre d&#243;nde poner el adjetivo. <br>El ingl&#233;s no te da esa opci&#243;n.</p><p><strong>El ejercicio:</strong> toma una frase que describir&#237;as naturalmente en espa&#241;ol y practica describirla en ingl&#233;s. Observa c&#243;mo <em>debes</em> poner los adjetivos primero. No hay alternativa.</p><p>&#8220;Un atardecer hermoso&#8221; &#8594; &#8220;A beautiful sunset&#8221; (los adjetivos primero, siempre)</p><p>&#8220;Un caf&#233; caliente peque&#241;o&#8221; &#8594; &#8220;A small hot coffee&#8221; (los adjetivos vienen antes del sustantivo, punto final)</p><p>&#8220;Una mujer inteligente fuerte&#8221; &#8594; &#8220;An intelligent strong woman&#8221; (sin opci&#243;n de mover)</p><p>Mientras practiques esto, algo interesante ocurre: <em>empiezas a describir diferente.</em> </p><p>El ingl&#233;s te entrena a poner las cualidades primero. A <em>preparar</em> al oyente.</p><p>Esto es conciencia metaling&#252;&#237;stica en acci&#243;n. No solo est&#225;s aprendiendo d&#243;nde van los adjetivos en ingl&#233;s. Est&#225;s aprendiendo que esta <em>rigidez</em> es intencional&#8212;y que cambia <em>c&#243;mo enmarques lo que ves</em> cuando hablas en ingl&#233;s.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Dos Lenguas, Dos Marcos</strong></h3><p>El espa&#241;ol nos da flexibilidad. Podemos nombrar la cosa o la cualidad primero, dependiendo de qu&#233; queremos enfatizar.</p><p>El ingl&#233;s nos da rigidez. Siempre debemos ser r&#225;pido, siempre debemos ir con la cualidad primero. Pero esa rigidez tiene un prop&#243;sito: hace el idioma predecible, claro, directo.</p><p>Cuando aprendes a describir en otro idioma, no solo est&#225;s aprendiendo nuevas palabras. Est&#225;s aprendiendo una nueva forma de <em>enmarcar la realidad</em>.</p><p>Eso es aprender un idioma. </p><p>Eso es cambiar c&#243;mo describes&#8212;y c&#243;mo ves&#8212;el mundo.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"></p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Poem That Spoke for Me]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-poem-that-spoke-for-me</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-poem-that-spoke-for-me</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 31 May 2026 02:38:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tK5Y!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8de04bdd-1aba-4f73-8b7e-3f6cb9f35005_960x918.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tK5Y!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8de04bdd-1aba-4f73-8b7e-3f6cb9f35005_960x918.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tK5Y!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8de04bdd-1aba-4f73-8b7e-3f6cb9f35005_960x918.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tK5Y!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8de04bdd-1aba-4f73-8b7e-3f6cb9f35005_960x918.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tK5Y!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8de04bdd-1aba-4f73-8b7e-3f6cb9f35005_960x918.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tK5Y!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8de04bdd-1aba-4f73-8b7e-3f6cb9f35005_960x918.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">The Poet&#8217;s Passage 203 Calle de la Cruz, Viejo San Juan, Puerto Rico</figcaption></figure></div><p>In 2022, I went to Puerto Rico for the first time to work on a literacy initiative. I was humbled by the educators I met who had survived multiple hurricanes, a global pandemic, and yet never faltered in their dedication to their students. Students they lovingly called,<em> los nenes. </em>After a day full of meetings about literature and literacy, the elementary school librarian mentioned that there was open mic poetry every Tuesday evening on Calle de la Cruz in Viejo San Juan. I decided to go.</p><p>I entered the Poet&#8217;s Passage, a warm and welcoming space, and took a seat to listen to the poets. The first poet was from Luquillo. She also wrote screenplays and directed films. Her poetry performance was cinematic, her boricua Spanish, soulful yet playful.</p><p>Then a Puerto Rican American poet took the mic and read a love poem full of longing and breathtaking metaphors; in English. The night went on with each poet baring their soul in English or Spanish or Spanglish. Most of the people in the audience were fully bilingual and reacted to all of the poems with gasps and laughter whether the poem was recited in Spanish or English. Others, like me, were emerging bilinguals catching some words, missing others.</p><p>Everyone applauded the bravery and craft of the poets.</p><p>I started writing poetry in fifth grade and I never stopped.</p><p>Here, in Puerto Rico, I had an opportunity to write my poems in the language I was working to reclaim. I took my notebook to a cafe and started writing. When  I got stuck, I asked the barista, a friendly guy, if what I had written made sense to him. He helped me untangle a few terms and I kept tinkering on the poem until it felt ready.</p><p>I wanted to read my poem at the open mic the following Tuesday, in Spanish.</p><p>But before I could take that stage, I had to understand why it was poetry and not grammar drills or flashcard apps that unlocked my Spanish.</p><h2><strong>Write Poems to Sidestep the Grammar Trap</strong></h2><p>Poetry, especially <em>writing your own</em>, turns down what linguist Stephen Krashen calls the <em><a href="https://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf">affective filter</a></em>. The filter turns those feelings of anxiety, inhibition, and low self-esteem into a psychological block that gets in the way of language learning.</p><p>Freed from the filter, poetry gives you permission to mean something before you&#8217;ve mastered every verb conjugation. It provides a safe space to play with words and experiment with syntax. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20204994">Researchers in applied linguistics</a> have found that poetry-based activities increase confidence, motivation, and comfort with public speaking in language learners.</p><p><em>To write a poem, you just need something to say.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong>Poetry Does What Textbooks Can&#8217;t</strong></h2><p>In poetry, form and meaning are closely integrated. The poet uses language forms with intentionality to convey a specific meaning, often to invoke a particular emotional response.</p><p>Poems can draw language learners&#8217; attention to different aspects of language, such as the production of sounds and new vocabulary, with<a href="https://academic.oup.com/applij/article-abstract/22/3/295/150131?redirectedFrom=fulltext"> increased potential</a> for better and richer word learning.</p><p>In a poem, you choose the exact word to convey meaning, or you could select a word because it <em>sounds</em> right. This gives you the freedom to play with words and to make words work for you.</p><p>I chose the word <em>estrellada</em> because it felt like a sky full of stars in my mouth.</p><p><em>In poetry, there is no wrong sentence structure because the structure is the poem.</em> </p><p>The relationship between the way a poet uses <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/modl.12946">language to convey specific meaning</a> is not confined to the standard rules of grammar.</p><p>When you recite your own poem aloud, even if to yourself, you practice intonation, stress, and rhythm. You can feel your mouth forming new sounds and with repeated practice, these new sounds become easier to produce. </p><p>Poetry&#8217;s rhythmic and emotionally rich nature gives you a way to  <a href="https://scimatic.org/storage/journals/11/pdfs/6159.pdf">engage with spoken language</a> in a meaningful and memorable way. And while you are refining your rhythm and intonation of speech, you are also becoming intimately acquainted with your new vocabulary.</p><p><em>Poetry also exposes you to diverse cultural perspectives.</em> </p><p>Seeing the world through the lens of a poet can grow your cultural appreciation and <a href="https://multijournals.org/index.php/excellencia-imje/article/view/4">intercultural communicative competence</a>. How a poet evokes emotion, connects with nature, or calls for change is colored by the culture they write from. Through their words, you become an audience to their worldview. </p><p>Poetry can even transport you from your lived experience to your new language. When you write about something you love, somewhere you have traveled, or some delicious <em>sabor</em> you have experienced<em>,</em> in your new language, you are building a bridge. </p><p>This connection from being to language can not be constructed by grammar practice alone.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Open Mic Classroom</strong></h2><p>The open mic stage was the ultimate low-stakes space for developing my spoken Spanish. <br><br>The audience wasn&#8217;t grading my use of the subjunctive, they were listening for my heart.</p><p>My pronunciation was not perfect. Even though I rehearsed the poem dozens of times, I still tripped on a few multisyllabic words. My audience waited patiently as I fumbled and then repeated a mispronounced word. They were listening for the meaning my words conveyed, not for a flawless accent. </p><p>So I recited with expression, I modulated my voice, and I added gestures to embody the words I had written. Spoken word and performance poetry provide the ideal <em>articulation</em> <em>practice</em>.</p><p>And this performance-based practice <a href="https://scimatic.org/storage/journals/11/pdfs/6159.pdf">leads to significant improvements</a> in oral language proficiency, pronunciation, and creative expression.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>METAlinguistic Tactic #22 Write a Poem in Your New Language</strong></h2><ol><li><p><strong>Start with one image or one feeling.</strong> <br>Not even a full sentence. Just: <em>la lluvia</em> / <em>longing</em> / <em>the smell of abuelita&#8217;s kitchen.</em></p></li><li><p><strong>Write in Spanglish if you need to.</strong> <br>Get the feeling on paper first. Then look up the word in your new language.</p></li><li><p><strong>Let grammar be optional.</strong> <br>In poetry, line breaks do what commas and periods do in prose. <br>A line can be a single word, a phrase can span many lines.  <br>You get to make the rules.</p></li><li><p><strong>Read it out loud.</strong> <br>Listen for where you place emphasis. Where do you slow down, speed up, get loud, go soft? Which words are tricky, which ones are fun to say? What does your voice need to do to get the meaning across? Your face? Your hands?</p></li><li><p><strong>Find your local Poet&#8217;s Passage.</strong> <br>An open mic, a trusted friend, a voice memo to yourself. The poem needs an audience, even if that audience is you.</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><p>As I read the last stanza, the one I had memorized, I looked out at the faces of the audience as the last word landed. I saw the gentleness of their gaze. Then the room was quiet for a moment. Finally, I felt the warmth of their applause. </p><p>As I took my seat, I watched the renowned Emmy-winning spoken word poet, <a href="https://www.instagram.com/labrujanyc/?hl=en">La Bruja</a>, step up to the mic. She commanded that stage.</p><p>Starstruck that I had spoken into the same mic as La Bruja, I made a commitment to continue writing poetry. In Spanish. In Spanglish. In English.</p><p>And now I encourage you to make the same commitment. Just pick up a pen and start with one word in your new language and build from there. </p><p>Whether you recite it to yourself, a loved one, or an audience of poetry aficionados, you have mastered a lesson in expressive language no conjugation drill could ever give you.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-poem-that-spoke-for-me/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-poem-that-spoke-for-me/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2>El Poema que Me Dio la Palabra</h2><p>En 2022, fui a Puerto Rico por primera vez para trabajar en una iniciativa de alfabetizaci&#243;n. Me llen&#243; de humildad conocer a los educadores que hab&#237;an sobrevivido m&#250;ltiples huracanes y una pandemia mundial, y que jam&#225;s vacilaron en su dedicaci&#243;n a sus estudiantes. A quienes llamaban con cari&#241;o <em>los nenes</em>. Despu&#233;s de un d&#237;a lleno de reuniones sobre literatura y alfabetizaci&#243;n, la bibliotecaria de la escuela primaria mencion&#243; que los martes por la noche hab&#237;a <em>open mic</em> de poes&#237;a en la Calle de la Cruz, en el Viejo San Juan. Decid&#237; ir.</p><p>Entr&#233; al Poet&#8217;s Passage, un espacio c&#225;lido y acogedor, y me sent&#233; a escuchar a los poetas. La primera poeta era de Luquillo. Tambi&#233;n escrib&#237;a guiones y dirig&#237;a pel&#237;culas. Su presentaci&#243;n era cinematogr&#225;fica, su espa&#241;ol boricua, apasionado y juguet&#243;n.</p><p>Luego, una poeta puertorrique&#241;a americana tom&#243; el micr&#243;fono y recit&#243; un poema de amor lleno de anhelo y met&#225;foras deslumbrantes; en ingl&#233;s. La noche continu&#243; con cada poeta abriendo su coraz&#243;n en ingl&#233;s, en espa&#241;ol o en <em>Spanglish</em>. La mayor&#237;a del p&#250;blico era completamente biling&#252;e y reaccionaba a todos los poemas con risas y suspiros, sin importar el idioma. Otros, como yo, &#233;ramos biling&#252;es en proceso, captando algunas palabras y perdi&#233;ndonos otras.</p><p>Todos aplaudieron la valent&#237;a y el oficio de los poetas.</p><p>Empec&#233; a escribir poes&#237;a en quinto grado y nunca par&#233;.</p><p>Aqu&#237;, en Puerto Rico, ten&#237;a la oportunidad de escribir mis poemas en el idioma que estaba trabajando para reclamar. Llev&#233; mi cuaderno a un caf&#233; y empec&#233; a escribir. Cuando me trab&#233;, le pregunt&#233; al barista, un chico simp&#225;tico, si lo que hab&#237;a escrito le hac&#237;a sentido. Me ayud&#243; a desenredar algunos t&#233;rminos y segu&#237; puliendo el poema hasta que se sinti&#243; listo.</p><p>Quer&#237;a leer mi poema en el <em>open mic</em> el martes siguiente. En espa&#241;ol.</p><p>Pero antes de poder subir a ese escenario, tuve que entender por qu&#233; era la poes&#237;a y no los ejercicios de gram&#225;tica ni las las aplicaciones de pr&#225;ctica lo que me abri&#243; las puertas al espa&#241;ol.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Escribe Poemas para Esquivar la Trampa de la Gram&#225;tica</h3><p>La poes&#237;a, especialmente <em>escribir la tuya propia</em>, baja lo que el ling&#252;ista Stephen Krashen llam&#243; <em><a href="https://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf">el filtro afectivo</a></em>. El filtro convierte esos sentimientos de ansiedad, inhibici&#243;n y baja autoestima en un bloqueo psicol&#243;gico que interfiere con el aprendizaje de una lengua.</p><p>Libre del filtro, la poes&#237;a te da permiso de tener algo que decir antes de haber dominado cada conjugaci&#243;n verbal. Te ofrece un espacio seguro para jugar con las palabras y experimentar con la sintaxis. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20204994">Investigadores en ling&#252;&#237;stica aplicada</a> han encontrado que las actividades basadas en la poes&#237;a aumentan la confianza, la motivaci&#243;n y la comodidad para hablar en p&#250;blico en personas que aprenden una nueva lengua.</p><p><em>Para escribir un poema, solo necesitas algo que decir.</em></p><div><hr></div><h3>La Poes&#237;a Hace lo que los Libros de Texto No Pueden</h3><p>En la poes&#237;a, la forma y el significado est&#225;n estrechamente integrados. El poeta usa las formas del lenguaje con intencionalidad para transmitir un significado espec&#237;fico, muchas veces para evocar una respuesta emocional particular.</p><p>Los poemas pueden llamar la atenci&#243;n del aprendiz de lenguas hacia diferentes aspectos del idioma &#8212; la producci&#243;n de sonidos, vocabulario nuevo &#8212; con un <a href="https://academic.oup.com/applij/article-abstract/22/3/295/150131?redirectedFrom=fulltext">mayor potencial </a>para un aprendizaje de palabras m&#225;s rico y duradero.</p><p>En un poema, eliges la palabra exacta para transmitir un significado, o puedes seleccionar una palabra porque <em>suena bien</em>. Eso te da la libertad de jugar con las palabras y hacer que las palabras trabajen para ti.</p><p>Eleg&#237; la palabra &#171;estrellada&#187; porque me parec&#237;a como si tuviera el cielo lleno de estrellas en la boca.</p><p><em>En la poes&#237;a no existe una estructura oracional incorrecta porque la estructura es el poema.</em> </p><p>La relaci&#243;n entre la forma en que un poeta usa el <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/modl.12946">lenguaje para transmitir un significado</a> espec&#237;fico no est&#225; confinada a las reglas est&#225;ndar de la gram&#225;tica.</p><p>Cuando recitas tu propio poema en voz alta, aunque sea para ti mismo, practicas la entonaci&#243;n, el acento y el ritmo. Puedes sentir tu boca formando nuevos sonidos y, con pr&#225;ctica repetida, esos sonidos se vuelven m&#225;s f&#225;ciles de producir.</p><p>La naturaleza r&#237;tmica y emocionalmente rica de la poes&#237;a te ofrece una manera de relacionarte con el idioma hablado de forma significativa y memorable. Y mientras afinas tu ritmo y entonaci&#243;n, tambi&#233;n te vas familiarizando profundamente con tu nuevo vocabulario.</p><p><em>La poes&#237;a tambi&#233;n te expone a perspectivas culturales diversas.</em> </p><p>Ver el mundo a trav&#233;s de la mirada de un poeta puede ampliar tu apreciaci&#243;n cultural y tu <a href="https://multijournals.org/index.php/excellencia-imje/article/view/4">competencia comunicativa intercultural</a>. La forma en que un poeta evoca una emoci&#243;n, se conecta con la naturaleza o llama al cambio est&#225; influenciado por la cultura desde la que escribe. A trav&#233;s de sus palabras, te conviertes en audiencia de su visi&#243;n del mundo.</p><p>La poes&#237;a puede incluso transportarte desde tu experiencia vivida hacia tu nuevo idioma. Cuando escribes sobre algo que amas, alg&#250;n lugar que has visitado, o alg&#250;n <em>flavor</em> que has probado, en tu nuevo idioma, est&#225;s construyendo un puente.</p><p>Esta conexi&#243;n entre el ser y el lenguaje no puede construirse solo con ejercicios de gram&#225;tica.</p><div><hr></div><h3>El Escenario como Sal&#243;n de Clases</h3><p>El escenario del <em>open mic</em> fue el espacio ideal  para desarrollar mi espa&#241;ol hablado, sin presi&#243;n.</p><p>El p&#250;blico no estaba calificando mi uso del subjuntivo. Estaban escuchando mi coraz&#243;n.</p><p>Mi pronunciaci&#243;n no era perfecta, aunque hab&#237;a ensayado el poema docenas de veces. Segu&#237; tropezando con algunas palabras de varias s&#237;labas. Mi p&#250;blico esper&#243; con paciencia mientras me equivocaba y repet&#237;a una palabra mal pronunciada. Estaban escuchando el significado que transmit&#237;an mis palabras, no buscaban un acento impecable.</p><p>As&#237; que recit&#233; con expresi&#243;n, modul&#233; mi voz y a&#241;ad&#237; gestos para encarnar las palabras que hab&#237;a escrito. La poes&#237;a hablada y la poes&#237;a performativa ofrecen la <em>pr&#225;ctica de articulaci&#243;n</em> ideal.</p><p>Y esta pr&#225;ctica basada en la actuaci&#243;n lleva a <a href="https://scimatic.org/storage/journals/11/pdfs/6159.pdf">mejoras significativas</a> en la competencia oral, la pronunciaci&#243;n y la expresi&#243;n creativa.</p><div><hr></div><h3>T&#225;ctica Metaling&#252;&#237;stica #22: Escribe un Poema en Ingl&#233;s</h3><p><strong>Empieza con una imagen o un sentimiento.</strong> <br>Ni siquiera una oraci&#243;n completa. Solo: <em>the rain</em> / la nostalgia / el olor a la cocina de mi abuelita.</p><p><strong>Escribe en </strong><em><strong>Spanglish</strong></em><strong> si lo necesitas.</strong> <br>Primero captura el sentimiento en papel. Luego busca la palabra en ingl&#233;s.</p><p><strong>Deja que la gram&#225;tica sea opcional.</strong> <br>En la poes&#237;a, los saltos de l&#237;nea hacen lo que las comas y los puntos hacen en la prosa. Una l&#237;nea puede ser una sola palabra; una frase puede abarcar muchas l&#237;neas. T&#250; decides las reglas.</p><p><strong>L&#233;elo en voz alta.</strong> <br>Escucha d&#243;nde pones el &#233;nfasis. &#191;D&#243;nde reduces la velocidad, d&#243;nde la aceleras, d&#243;nde subes el volumen, d&#243;nde bajas? &#191;Qu&#233; palabras son dif&#237;ciles, cu&#225;les son divertidas de pronunciar? &#191;Qu&#233; necesita hacer tu voz para transmitir el significado? &#191;Tu cara? &#191;Tus manos?</p><p><strong>Encuentra tu Poet&#8217;s Passage local.</strong> <br>Un <em>open mic</em>, un amigo de confianza, un mensaje de voz para ti mismo. El poema necesita una audiencia, aunque esa audiencia seas t&#250;.</p><div><hr></div><p>Al leer la &#250;ltima estrofa, la que me hab&#237;a memorizado, mir&#233; los rostros del p&#250;blico mientras la &#250;ltima palabra aterrizaba. Vi la ternura de sus miradas. Luego, el sal&#243;n qued&#243; en silencio por un momento. Finalmente, sent&#237; el calor de sus aplausos.</p><p>Mientras tomaba mi asiento, vi a la reconocida poeta de <em>spoken word</em> ganadora del Emmy, <a href="https://www.instagram.com/labrujanyc/?hl=en">La Bruja</a>, subir al micr&#243;fono. Ella s&#237; que mandaba en ese escenario.</p><p>Deslumbrada de haber hablado en el mismo micr&#243;fono que La Bruja, me compromet&#237; a seguir escribiendo poes&#237;a. En espa&#241;ol. En <em>Spanglish</em>. En ingl&#233;s.</p><p>Y ahora te invito a que hagas el mismo compromiso. Toma una pluma y empieza con una sola palabra en ingl&#233;s. Construye desde ah&#237;.</p><p>Ya sea que lo recites para ti mismo, para un ser querido o para un p&#250;blico de aficionados a la poes&#237;a, habr&#225;s dominado una lecci&#243;n de lenguaje expresivo que ning&#250;n ejercicio de conjugaci&#243;n podr&#237;a darte jam&#225;s.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-poem-that-spoke-for-me/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-poem-that-spoke-for-me/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Verb Logic]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/verb-logic</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/verb-logic</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 24 May 2026 01:49:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X82z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba49cb51-675b-4e23-aff5-37ab08312097_1760x960.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X82z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba49cb51-675b-4e23-aff5-37ab08312097_1760x960.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X82z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba49cb51-675b-4e23-aff5-37ab08312097_1760x960.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X82z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba49cb51-675b-4e23-aff5-37ab08312097_1760x960.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X82z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba49cb51-675b-4e23-aff5-37ab08312097_1760x960.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!X82z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba49cb51-675b-4e23-aff5-37ab08312097_1760x960.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>When I was a teen my abuelitas told me that I should learn Spanish. This wasn&#8217;t just so I could communicate with them. My Abuelita Josefina would say things like, &#8220;Mijita, tendr&#225;s m&#225;s oportunidades,&#8221; and her mother, my bisabuela Elvira, an astute businesswoman, would add, &#8220;Y ganar&#225;s m&#225;s dinero.&#8221; I listened politely to them telling me Spanish would give me more opportunities and pay.</p><p>But in my head I thought, &#8220;Spanish? Who needs Spanish in the workplace?&#8221;</p><p>At the time, I was a know-it-all teenager and thought my abuelitas were wrong, but still adorable. To humor them, I enrolled in Introductory Spanish my freshman year of high school.</p><p>Our teacher Se&#241;orita Rodr&#237;guez hailed from Espa&#241;a. She had great style and accessorized her Spanish with the Castilian<em> th</em>, the one that turns <em>gracias</em> into grathias. Her espa&#241;ol to my ears sounded more like ethpa&#241;ol.</p><p>I looked around the room, to see if anyone else knew why she talked like that. Only two of us had ever heard Spanish before, my friend Jason, a Mexican-American, and me, a Salvadoran. To everyone else, ethpa&#241;ol sounded perfectly normal. No one even raised an eyebrow when she addressed us as <em>vosotros</em>.</p><p>Se&#241;orita Rodr&#237;guez started her classes the same way, each time.  She fired up her projector and laid down a transparency sheet she had prepared before class. On it was a predrawn grid with two columns.</p><p>Then, she would uncap her marker, and write a verb above the grid, such as <em>hablar </em>(to talk) and indicate the <em>tiempo </em>(tense).</p><p>Then she filled in the first column, row by row in her flawless penmanship: <em>yo, t&#250;, &#233;l/ella/usted, nosotros, vosotros, ellos/ellas/ustedes.</em> </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HQ6c!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0c2b1f78-236a-4d23-b85f-55d03ddcdc3d_485x390.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Any other teacher would have filled in the first column and Xeroxed the whole grid&#8212;because this column never changed! But not Se&#241;orita Rodr&#237;guez. She thought that writing this out every day in front of us would help us learn. So we watched her as she wrote the person or people who would be doing that day&#8217;s verb.As a heritage speaker, I thought that organizing words this way looked more like math and less like language.</p><p>Not to mention, we rarely produced these words in real sentences. They lived in the grid that we would read or listen to her say in ethpa&#241;ol.</p><p>We would see hundreds of these grids throughout the year.</p><p><strong>A Verb by Another Ending</strong></p><p>Eventually, I had to admit that Se&#241;orita Rodr&#237;guez&#8217;s grids were golden.</p><p>But before I tell you why, let&#8217;s think about what a verb actually does in a sentence. <em>A verb is where the action is.</em> In English we <em>conjugate</em> or change the verb form to indicate<strong> who</strong> is doing the action and <strong>when</strong> it is happening.</p><p>Take the word <em>talk</em>. <strong>Who </strong>is &#8216;talking&#8217; changes from I <em>talk</em> to he <em>talks. </em>So you change or conjugate the verb depending on the &#8216;talker.&#8217;  When the time period of <strong>when</strong> someone &#8216;talks&#8217; changes, such as he<em> talked</em> yesterday, or he is <em>talking</em> right now, or he <em>will talk </em>tomorrow, the verb form changes to indicate whether the action happened in the past, present, or future.</p><p>In Spanish, the verb form holds even more weight. A single verb ending can do several jobs that English needs extra words for.</p><p>Consider this: a verb can tell you if you should stand up straight and speak formally to someone. If so, you would use the <em>usted</em> form to address your boss, or someone older and wiser. You might say, &#171;<em>Usted habla muy bien</em>&#187; to compliment them.</p><p>If you are talking to a sibling or a friend, you would conjugate the verb form as <em>t&#250;. </em>Saying<em>, &#161;Hablas mucho! </em>doesn&#8217;t need the pronoun to tell someone they are a motormouth and that they are on your level.</p><p>One verb ending can tell the room if a single person is gossiping with you, <em>&#191;De qu&#233; hablas? </em>Change just the ending to -an, and everyone in the room is gossiping with you, <em>&#191;De qu&#233; hablan?</em></p><p>And a verb in Spanish can even make someone feel included just by adding <em>-mos</em> to the ending. English would require the pronouns <em>us</em> or <em>we</em> to do that. In Spanish you can just put the ending on the verb, and we are gossiping together. <em>&#191;De qu&#233; hablamos?</em></p><p>Just like English, verbs can take us back to the past, root us in the present, or throw us into the future.</p><p>There is even a verb form for things that haven&#8217;t happened yet, or that might happen. Things that only exist in a wish, or express a doubt. This is known as the subjunctive, and it is a mood. The subjunctive ending trips me up all the time, so we&#8217;ll save that discussion for another s&#225;bado.</p><p>Because there are so many levels of verb complexity, verb forms are best learned gradually the way you&#8217;d climb a ladder: one rung at a time, using a system of logic rather than memorizing long lists.</p><p>It took me years to realize that Ms. Rodr&#237;guez&#8217;s transparency grids are one of the most helpful ways to learn different verb forms&#8212;and she knew it.</p><p>By using a grid to visually organize the conjugations, you come to see patterns. To really understand the pattern, it&#8217;s best for you to produce the grid yourself, rather than trying to memorize 50 conjugation grids.</p><p>This is because <em>expressive language</em>&#8212;writing out the conjugations&#8212;helps you internalize the patterns. This internalization will help you conjugate on the spot when you are actually <em>speaking</em> Spanish.</p><p>Which is what my abuelitas encouraged me to do. </p><h3><strong>METAlinguistic Tactic #20</strong></h3><h3><strong>Build the Grid One Rung at a Time</strong></h3><p>Instead of trying to memorize a year&#8217;s worth of conjugation tables, build <em>one</em> by hand. Then, read it out loud. </p><p>Climb the ladder one rung at a time using a system of logic.</p><p><strong>Start here, in this order:</strong></p><ol><li><p><strong>One family first: -ar verbs.</strong> </p><p>Spanish verbs either end in <strong>-ar, -er, or -ir</strong>. </p><p>The <strong>-ar</strong> form is the biggest group and the friendliest. </p><p>Ignore <strong>-er</strong> and <strong>-ir</strong> until <strong>-ar</strong> feels automatic.<br>Try: <strong>llamar</strong> (to call), <strong>caminar </strong>(to walk), <strong>pasar </strong>(to happen), <strong>quedar </strong>(to stay) and of course <strong>hablar </strong>(to talk).<br></p></li><li><p><strong>One tense first: stay in the present.</strong> <br>Not past, not future, not the subjunctive. Just <em>now</em>.<br></p></li><li><p><strong>Draw the empty grid yourself.</strong> <br>Six rows: <em>yo, t&#250;, &#233;l/ella/usted, nosotros, vosotros,* ellos/ellas/ustedes.</em> <br>Two columns. Pick a verb &#8212; <em>hablar</em> &#8212; and fill in the endings (<em>-o, -as, -a, -amos, -&#225;is, -an) </em>by hand. Hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habl&#225;is, hablan.<br></p></li><li><p><strong>Write, don&#8217;t just read.</strong> <br>Producing the endings yourself (expressive practice) wires the pattern far deeper than rereading a printed table. You&#8217;re teaching your hand the shape of the word so your mouth can produce it later.<br></p></li><li><p><strong>Now swap the verb, keep the grid.</strong> <br>More examples are: <strong>trabajar</strong> (to work), <strong>estudiar</strong> (to study), <strong>cocinar </strong>(to cook). Same six endings(<em>-o, -as, -a, -amos, -&#225;is, -an), </em>every time. <br><em>That repetition is the pattern.<br></em></p></li><li><p><strong>Add a rung when you master -ar in the present.<br></strong>Once present-tense <strong>-ar</strong> is automatic, add <strong>-er.</strong> Then <strong>-ir.</strong> <br>Then one new tense. <br>Never two new things at once. </p></li></ol><p>The grid I dreaded in the classroom became the grid I trust, especially since I built it  myself, one rung at a time.</p><p>Turns out my abuelitas were right about the opportunities. Se&#241;orita Rodr&#237;guez was right about how to earn them, one grid at a time.</p><p>*Note: The <em>vosotros</em> row is Spain showing up in Se&#241;orita Rodr&#237;guez&#8217;s Spanish. <br>If you&#8217;re learning Latin American Spanish, you can skip that one for now.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>L&#243;gica verbal</h2><p>Cuando daba clases particulares a adultos, trabaj&#233; con una mujer a quien llamar&#233; Rosa. Hab&#237;a llegado a Estados Unidos desde M&#233;xico siendo joven, hab&#237;a criado a sus hijos aqu&#237;, y ahora estudiaba para sacar su <em>GED</em>. Su ingl&#233;s hablado era c&#225;lido, r&#225;pido y perfectamente funcional. Ella manejaba su trabajo en ingl&#233;s, y su casa y familia en espa&#241;ol. Pero el examen escrito le ped&#237;a algo que su o&#237;do nunca hab&#237;a tenido que dar, y ah&#237; entraba yo.</p><p>Una tarde, trabajando en un pasaje de pr&#225;ctica, se detuvo en una oraci&#243;n que hab&#237;a escrito: <em>&#8220;She talk to them.&#8221;</em></p><p>Me la ley&#243; en voz alta, segura de que estaba bien. Para su o&#237;do, <em>estaba</em> bien. <em>Talk </em>era el verbo. &#191;Por qu&#233; iba a cambiar?</p><p>Yo entend&#237;a su l&#243;gica perfectamente, porque era la l&#243;gica del espa&#241;ol. En espa&#241;ol, <em>hablar</em> te lo dice todo: <em>hablo, hablas, habla</em> &#8212; la terminaci&#243;n hace el trabajo, y una vez que eliges la correcta, ya terminaste. </p><p>Rosa ten&#237;a toda una vida de verbos que anunciaban exactamente qui&#233;n hac&#237;a la acci&#243;n. El ingl&#233;s, calladamente, le hab&#237;a pedido lo contrario, y nadie se lo hab&#237;a advertido.</p><p>As&#237; que hice lo que mi propia maestra de espa&#241;ol me hab&#237;a hecho a m&#237; una d&#233;cada atr&#225;s, aunque no me di cuenta de la simetr&#237;a hasta despu&#233;s. </p><p>Dibuj&#233; una cuadr&#237;cula.</p><p>Escrib&#237; <strong>to talk</strong> arriba y, la llen&#233; yo, fila por fila, diciendo cada forma en voz alta: </p><p><em>I talk, you talk</em>&#8230; y al llegar a la tercera fila, <em>he, she, it</em> &#8212; escrib&#237; <em>talk<strong>s</strong></em>.</p><p>Rosa se detuvo. &#171;&#191;Y por qu&#233; esa lleva una <em>-s</em>?&#187;</p><p>Ah&#237; estaba. Lo hab&#237;a visto ella sola.</p><h3>Un verbo que casi no cambia</h3><p>Antes de contarte por qu&#233; esa cuadr&#237;cula importa tanto, pensemos en lo que hace un verbo dentro de una oraci&#243;n. El verbo es donde est&#225; la acci&#243;n. Tanto en ingl&#233;s como en espa&#241;ol, cambiamos la forma del verbo para indicar <em>qui&#233;n</em> hace la acci&#243;n y <em>cu&#225;ndo</em> la hace.</p><p>La diferencia est&#225; en <em>d&#243;nde</em> cada idioma guarda esa informaci&#243;n.</p><p>En espa&#241;ol, la guardas en la <strong>terminaci&#243;n</strong>. <em>Hablo, hablas, habla, hablamos, habl&#225;is, hablan</em>&#8212;seis personas con seis terminaciones distintas. La terminaci&#243;n carga con todo: te dice qui&#233;n habla sin que tengas que decir el pronombre. Por eso puedes decir simplemente <em>hablo</em>, y se entiende &#171;yo hablo&#187;.</p><p>En ingl&#233;s, casi nada de eso ocurre sobre el verbo. </p><p><em>I talk. </em>Y<em>ou talk.</em> <em>We talk. They talk. He / she / it talk<strong>s</strong></em>.</p><p>Seis personas. <strong>Una sola</strong> terminaci&#243;n que cambia. La forma es <em>talk</em> en todas partes menos en una: la tercera persona del singular (<em>he, she, it</em>) a&#241;ade una sencilla <em>-s</em>.</p><p>Esto es lo que confund&#237;a a Rosa, y con raz&#243;n. Ven&#237;a de un idioma donde el verbo cambia cinco veces. El ingl&#233;s le ped&#237;a que lo cambiara <em>una</em>. </p><p>La regla que le faltaba cabe en una l&#237;nea: <strong>en el presente, he / she / it lleva una -s al final del verbo.</strong> </p><p><em>She <strong>talks </strong>to them.</em></p><h3>&#191;Ad&#243;nde se fue la informaci&#243;n?</h3><p>Si el verbo en ingl&#233;s casi no cambia, surge una pregunta: &#191;ad&#243;nde se fue todo lo que el espa&#241;ol guarda en la terminaci&#243;n? </p><p>Pues, no desapareci&#243;. <strong>Se mud&#243; de lugar.</strong></p><p>Primero, el <strong>qui&#233;n</strong> se mud&#243; al pronombre. En espa&#241;ol puedes soltar el pronombre porque la terminaci&#243;n ya dice qui&#233;n es: <em>hablo</em> basta. En ingl&#233;s <strong>no puedes</strong>. </p><p><em>Talk</em>, solo, es una orden, &#171;&#161;habla!&#187;, no &#171;yo hablo&#187;. El ingl&#233;s te obliga a decir <em>I, you, he, she</em> <strong>cada vez</strong>, porque el verbo ya no lo dice por ti. </p><p>Por eso a tantos hispanohablantes se les escapa decir <em>&#8220;Is raining&#8221;</em> en lugar de <em>&#8220;It is raining.&#8221; </em>El espa&#241;ol les ense&#241;&#243; que el sujeto es opcional. En ingl&#233;s no lo es.</p><p>Segundo,  y aqu&#237; est&#225; el coraz&#243;n de esta clase, el <strong>cu&#225;ndo</strong> se mud&#243; a unas palabritas que se colocan <strong>delante</strong> del verbo. En ingl&#233;s las llaman <em>helper verbs</em>, verbos de ayuda (los maestros tambi&#233;n les dicen <em>auxiliary verbs</em>, verbos auxiliares). </p><p>Donde el espa&#241;ol cambia la terminaci&#243;n, el ingl&#233;s echa mano de un ayudante:</p><ul><li><p>Para el futuro, el espa&#241;ol dice <em>hablar&#233;</em> &#8212; una palabra, la terminaci&#243;n <em>-r&#233;</em> carga con el tiempo. </p><p>El ingl&#233;s dice <em>I <strong>will</strong> talk.</em> El verbo no cambia. Llega <em>will</em>, el ayudante, y carga con el futuro por &#233;l. </p></li><li><p>Y para preguntar y para negar, el ingl&#233;s llama a un ayudante que <strong>no tiene equivalente en espa&#241;ol: </strong><em><strong>do.</strong></em><strong> </strong></p><p><em>Do you talk? <br>I do not talk.</em></p></li></ul><p>Detente en ese &#250;ltimo. T&#250; ya conoces algunos de estos ayudantes sin saberlo, porque el espa&#241;ol tambi&#233;n los tiene: <em>haber</em> y <em>estar.</em> Cuando dices <em>he hablado</em>, ese <em>he</em> es un verbo de ayuda &#8212; igual que el ingl&#233;s <em>I <strong>have</strong> talked.</em> Cuando dices <em>estoy hablando</em>, ese <em>estoy</em> hace lo mismo que <em>I <strong>am</strong> talking.</em> Esos dos cruzan bien de un idioma al otro.</p><p>El que no cruza es <em><strong>do.</strong></em> </p><p>En espa&#241;ol, preguntas cambiando el orden o el tono (<em>&#191;Hablas ingl&#233;s?</em>) y niegas con un simple <em>no</em> (<em>No hablo ingl&#233;s</em>). </p><p>El ingl&#233;s mete un <em>do</em> que no significa nada por s&#237; solo. </p><p>Para preguntar: <em>Do you speak English?</em> En espa&#241;ol no hace falta ning&#250;n ayudante &#8212; basta con la entonaci&#243;n y el orden de las palabras: <em>&#191;Hablas ingl&#233;s?</em> </p><p>Para enfatizar: <em>Yes, I do.</em> En espa&#241;ol el &#233;nfasis no viene de un verbo, sino de una palabra como <em>s&#237;</em> o <em>claro</em>: <em>S&#237;, s&#237; hablo ingl&#233;s.</em> <em>Claro que hablo ingl&#233;s.</em></p><p>F&#237;jate en lo que pasa: en los dos casos, el espa&#241;ol dice lo mismo sin ning&#250;n ayudante. Por eso <em>do</em> se siente tan vac&#237;o &#8212; no traduce a <em>nada</em>, porque el espa&#241;ol no necesita ponerlo ah&#237;. </p><p>No hay nada en el verbo espa&#241;ol que te prepare para ese <em>do</em>. Es el &#250;nico sin equivalente en espa&#241;ol y por eso le dedicaremos un s&#225;bado m&#225;s adelante.</p><h3>La cuadr&#237;cula era de oro</h3><p>Me tom&#243; a&#241;os entender que las cuadr&#237;culas de mi maestra eran una de las mejores formas de aprender los verbos. Con Rosa, la cuadr&#237;cula serv&#237;a igual. </p><h3>A m&#237; me revel&#243; cu&#225;ntas terminaciones ten&#237;a que aprender en espa&#241;ol. </h3><p>A Rosa le revel&#243; qu&#233;<em> pocas ten&#237;a que aprender en ingl&#233;s</em>, y exactamente d&#243;nde estaba la &#250;nica que importaba.</p><p>Por eso vale la pena dibujar la cuadr&#237;cula t&#250; misma, en lugar de intentar memorizar tablas enteras. </p><p>Cuando la escribes con tu propia mano, ves el patr&#243;n: cinco casillas iguales y una sola distinta. </p><p>La complejidad no est&#225; en la terminaci&#243;n. </p><p>Est&#225; en los ayudantes que vienen delante. </p><h3>T&#225;ctica metaling&#252;&#237;stica #20</h3><h3><strong>Construye la cuadr&#237;cula, un verbo a la vez</strong></h3><p>En lugar de memorizar tablas de conjugaci&#243;n, dibuja una a mano. Luego, l&#233;ela en voz alta. Busca patrones, usando un sistema de l&#243;gica.</p><p>Empieza as&#237;, en este orden:</p><p><strong>Un tiempo primero: el presente.</strong> <br>Ni pasado, ni futuro, ni preguntas todav&#237;a. <br>Solo el ahora.</p><p><strong>Dibuja la cuadr&#237;cula t&#250; misma.</strong> <br>Seis filas: <em>I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they.</em> <br>Elige un verbo: <em>to talk</em>. Luego, llena las formas a mano. <br>Vas a escribir <em>talk</em> casi siempre. La &#250;nica que cambia es <em>he/she/it</em>, que lleva <em>-s</em>: <br><em>I talk. He talk<strong>s</strong>.</em></p><p><strong>La &#250;nica regla del presente: la </strong><em><strong>-s</strong></em><strong> de la tercera persona.</strong> <br><em>He talk<strong>s</strong>. She run<strong>s</strong>. It work<strong>s</strong>.</em> <br>Esa <em>-s</em> es casi toda la conjugaci&#243;n del presente en ingl&#233;s. <br>Es la regla que le faltaba a Rosa.</p><p><strong>Escribe, no solo leas.</strong> <br>Producir las formas con tu propia mano (pr&#225;ctica expresiva) graba el patr&#243;n mucho m&#225;s hondo que releer una tabla impresa. <br>Le est&#225;s ense&#241;ando a tu mano la forma de la palabra para que tu boca la produzca despu&#233;s.</p><p><strong>Cambia el verbo, conserva la cuadr&#237;cula.</strong> <br>Prueba con <em>to work, to live, to want.</em> <br>El mismo patr&#243;n cada vez: igual en todas las filas menos en <em>he/she/it.</em> <br><em>I work. She works.</em><br>Esa repetici&#243;n es el patr&#243;n.</p><p>Cuando la <em>-s</em> salga sola, te toca conocer a los <strong>verbos de ayuda</strong>: esos ayudantes que se colocan delante del verbo para marcar el tiempo. </p><p>Apr&#233;ndelos uno por uno: <em>will</em> para el futuro (<em>I <strong>will</strong> talk</em>), y <em>am/is/are &#8230;-ing</em> para la acci&#243;n en curso (<em>I <strong>am</strong> talk<strong>ing</strong></em>). </p><p>El pasado es la excepci&#243;n amistosa: no necesita ayudante, solo una terminaci&#243;n: <br><em>-ed</em>. <em>I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they</em> <em>talk<strong>ed</strong></em>. </p><p>Deja para el final los irregulares &#8212; sobre todo <em>to be</em> (<em>am/is/are</em>), el m&#225;s rebelde. <br>Y tambi&#233;n ese ayudante <em>do</em> que no tiene gemelo en espa&#241;ol. </p><div><hr></div><p>A Rosa, esa cuadr&#237;cula casi vac&#237;a le pareci&#243; un error. Era demasiado simple para ser cierta.</p><p>Result&#243; ser la herramienta que la acerc&#243; a su <em>GED</em>, porque la construy&#243; con su propia mano.</p><p>Un pelda&#241;o a la vez.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/verb-logic/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/verb-logic/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Bubbles of Spanish]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bubbles-of-spanish</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bubbles-of-spanish</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 17 May 2026 00:11:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KQiI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5466886a-b0e4-459d-9ea6-cb475da5247e_3456x2304.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KQiI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5466886a-b0e4-459d-9ea6-cb475da5247e_3456x2304.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KQiI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5466886a-b0e4-459d-9ea6-cb475da5247e_3456x2304.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KQiI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5466886a-b0e4-459d-9ea6-cb475da5247e_3456x2304.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KQiI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5466886a-b0e4-459d-9ea6-cb475da5247e_3456x2304.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KQiI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5466886a-b0e4-459d-9ea6-cb475da5247e_3456x2304.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@zayyerrn?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Ahmed Zayan</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/goldfish-in-fish-tank-URaZrRvKQqM?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></p><p>When I was sixteen years old my dad helped me apply for a summer program at UC Santa Barbara. When I received the acceptance letter, the first in my family to hold this type of letter, I was excited for two reasons: I was going to college AND I was going to the beach!</p><p>No one else wanted to tag along on the five hour journey, so my dad and I headed out alone. In our Astrovan, my dad had packed a milk crate of CDs. My dad could have easily been an ethnomusicologist. There were CDs from Motown, Fania, The Doors, and Buddy Guy. He didn&#8217;t need the whole crate because we spent that trip listening to Juan Luis Guerra&#8217;s <em>Bachata Rosa</em> on repeat.</p><p>It would be my first Spanish lesson and the entry point to coming back to espa&#241;ol.</p><h4><strong>Bachata in the Brain</strong></h4><p>My dad has always been a romantic. When I was a kid, he showed me the love poems he had written in English for my mom in his journal. On this trip, though, the lines weren&#8217;t his and they weren&#8217;t in English. They were Juan Luis Guerra&#8217;s, and they were in Dominican Spanish. So he would hit the pause button at the chorus, give me a translation and explain what was really being said underneath.<br><br>He didn&#8217;t know it, but he was dropping some real pedagogy.</p><p>Language teachers often use music in their courses to motivate and engage students, even call out nuances in meaning. What makes this approach work, though, isn&#8217;t the engagement. It&#8217;s what happens inside the brain of the listener. <strong>Music activates the parts of the brain that acquire language.</strong></p><p>My dad was driving, Juan Luis Guerra was singing. And somewhere between San Jose and Salinas, my brain started learning Spanish with the bolero <em>Burbujas de amor.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h4><em><strong>Burbujas</strong></em><strong> Stuck in My Head</strong></h4><p><a href="https://web.pdx.edu/~fischerw/courses/advanced/methods_docs/pdf_doc/wbf_collection/0601-0650/0646_FLA83_Krashen_D.PDF">Stephen Krashen</a> has a name for the phenomenon when a new language starts rehearsing itself in your mind without your permission. He calls it the <em>din in the head</em>. A din is something like a jingle from a commercial you can&#8217;t stop humming, except it&#8217;s happening in the language you&#8217;re trying to learn. Krashen argued that the din was a sign that the Language Acquisition Device was running in the background.</p><p>He didn&#8217;t coin the term, though. He borrowed it from the linguist and archaeologist, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tim-Murphey/publication/222481214_The_Song_Stuck_in_My_Head_Phenomenon_A_Melodic_Din_in_the_LAD/links/59dac88e0f7e9b12b36d8ee1/The-Song-Stuck-in-My-Head-Phenomenon-A-Melodic-Din-in-the-LAD.pdf">Elizabeth Wayland Barber</a>, who first described it in 1980 while she was learning Russian. She wrote that the words were <em>&#8220;...swimming about in the voices of the people I talked with&#8230; I found myself chewing on them like so much linguistic cud.&#8221;</em></p><p>On our trip I was chewing on <em>Ojal&#225; que llueva caf&#233;</em>. The din requires <a href="https://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf">comprehensible input.</a> I knew what <em>caf&#233;</em> and <em>llueva</em> meant. Now the sounds and texture of <em>Ojal&#225;</em>, from the Arabic <em>Inshallah</em>, rolled around in my mind. The image of hoping for prosperity to pour from the sky along with a rich harvest of crops cemented the meaning for me. I have Juan Luis Guerra to thank for adding a nuanced way to hope, in Spanish.</p><p>And in 1990, the same year my dad and I were listening to the album, <em>Bachata Rosa, </em>down Highway 101, a linguist named <a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=rfCdBgAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA5&amp;dq=Murphey,+T.+(1992).+Music+%26+Song.+Oxford+University+Press.&amp;ots=bKHJB47QvG&amp;sig=Gzec4iadmk6oXDzhK88zNiDnzx4#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Tim Murphey</a> gave Barber&#8217;s din more texture. He noticed that song lyrics in a second language did the same involuntary rehearsing, but with a melody underneath. He called it the <em>Song Stuck in My Head</em> phenomenon: a <em>melodic</em> din. The chorus loops in your mind whether you want it to or not. But this isn&#8217;t annoying to the language learner, it&#8217;s like a free rehearsal.</p><p>There we were listening to <em>Burbujas de Amor</em>, with my dad driving and me riding shotgun in the Astrovan, while someone was writing a paper about exactly what was happening to me.</p><h4><strong>Sing like no one is listening</strong></h4><p>By sixteen, I was already embarrassed to speak Spanish in public. Some words felt like square blocks in my mouth, and I knew I was making errors using female articles for masculine nouns, not to mention speaking perpetually in the present tense. </p><p>But here I was with my dad, someone I could sing off key around with no shame. The music was blasting, and we were rolling through the beautiful farmland off California&#8217;s Highway 101. I was completely relaxed and comfortable messing up my pronunciation or confessing my ignorance.</p><p>My <a href="https://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf">affective filter</a> was essentially on mute. Krashen also explains that this is beneficial to language learning. When you feel anxious or judged when speaking a new language, your affective filter blasts full volume drowning out any comprehensible input. With my filter turned way down, more of the <em>Bachata Rosa</em> lyrics could get through to me.</p><p>This is one the best reasons to use<a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1076582.pdf"> music for language learning</a>. It creates a low anxiety state.</p><p>As we drove along, the words and concepts of <em>Billirubina</em> reached my brain&#8217;s Language Acquisition Device unhindered by any <em>pena</em>.</p><h4><strong>Lost and Found in Translation</strong></h4><p>Spanish presents longing, hope, even love differently than English. My dad and Juan Luis Guerra were team-teaching. And this lesson was something no grammar books could give me.</p><p>Social commentary. Romance. Love of one&#8217;s culture and language. All of it came through the Astrovan&#8217;s CD player.</p><p>My dad would stop the CD and give me an approximate translation. Then he would press rewind and play. The Spanish phrases would activate my Language Activation Device. The rich metaphors didn&#8217;t create the imagery or emotion in his translations the way they did in the original. A feeling or a place always got left out, until I heard them in Spanish. </p><p><a href="https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/divine-sensuality-genius-juan-luis-guerra">Juan Luis Guerra </a> has said the same thing himself. In an interview, he noted, &#8220;I&#8217;d love to be more skilled in English, to get songs like &#8216;Ojal&#225; que Llueva Caf&#233;&#8217; into English,&#8221; and  &#8220;I&#8217;d love it if Americans could understand Dominican culture, Dominican metaphors.&#8221;</p><p>There is a gap my dad was reaching across when he pressed pause. The gap between knowing a language and knowing a culture.</p><p>With my dad&#8217;s help, I was starting to cross it.</p><h4><strong>Spanish on Loop</strong></h4><p>We listened to that CD multiple times on the trip. Sometimes with interruptions for translations, sometimes to enjoy a song from start to finish. Hearing the same song repeatedly, something I was accustomed to as a teenager, turned out to be an effective way to learn Spanish. </p><p><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-second-language-acquisition/article/abs/incidental-vocabulary-learning-through-listening-to-songs/24418DF071558AE40C2D429B6868F8B9">Studies in second language acquisition</a> have shown that repeated listening to the same song can improve vocabulary recognition, meaning-connection, and even grammar uptake. The sweet spot seems to be after five or more exposures. </p><p>A long road trip with my dad, who tends to overexplain, was the perfect spaced-repetition delivery system for learning Spanish. He played the same album between rest stops, like it was the soundtrack to our adventure. Words I had never heard before were familiar friends by the time we reached Paso Robles and memorized by the time we got to Santa Barbara. Not because I had poured over any Spanish textbook, but because I had been singing the chorus. A five hour long din.</p><h4><strong>Arriving at the Beginning of the Journey</strong></h4><p>My dad pulled into the Santa Cruz dorm lot at UCSB. The salt air came into the open windows with Juan Luis Guerra was still singing of unrequited love in <em>Bilirubina</em>. My dad paused the song and cut the engine. </p><p>He helped me carry my things and get registered. Then he hugged me and got back in the van.</p><p>Before he pulled away the music turned back up and I waved.</p><p>I was far from home for the first time, but I had been left with a gift.  It wasn&#8217;t Spanish vocabulary. It wasn&#8217;t exactly Spanish, either.</p><p>My dad had sparked my curiosity, not just for a language, or a heritage, but for a potential future.</p><p>Who would I be if I no longer felt embarrassed to speak Spanish? What would I learn if I could do that in two languages, instead of my strongest one?</p><p>I&#8217;m still answering those questions.</p><p>That&#8217;s what brings me here, to share the journey, to share my learnings.</p><p>If you are also working to reclaim a language&#8212;to sing along with Vicente Fernandez or Bad Bunny, or another Spanish speaking artist you blast while you drive&#8212;welcome.</p><p>The journey has just begun.</p><h4><strong>Metalinguistic Tactic #19</strong></h4><p><strong>Press Play, Press Pause, Press Play Again</strong></p><p>Find a song in Spanish that you love. </p><p>Play it through once. Don&#8217;t pause. Let the words you know rise up, and let the words you don&#8217;t know just slide past. You&#8217;re listening for the shape, not the content.</p><p>Then go back and find the lyrics. Read them. Translate the parts where you got stuck. Look up any phrase that stumps you.</p><p>Then press play again. This time, the words you didn&#8217;t catch the first time will be familiar friends. That&#8217;s the din doing its work. That&#8217;s your Language Acquisition Device, all revved up.</p><p>Play the song again the next day. And the next. Five times, is what the research says is the threshold where the words start to become yours.</p><p>The song is not the assignment. </p><p>The song is the friend who keeps teaching you, every time you press play.</p><p><em>A song isn&#8217;t just rhythm, melody, and words.</em></p><p><em>Inside that bachata beat is a whole way of seeing the world.</em></p><h3><strong>Sabado School Shout Outs:</strong></h3><p><strong>Stephen Krashen</strong>: The linguist who gave us both the affective filter and the din. These two ideas, when combined, explain why my dad&#8217;s Astrovan was a great place to learn Spanish. <em><a href="https://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf">Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition</a></em><a href="https://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf"> (1982)</a> and <em><a href="https://web.pdx.edu/~fischerw/courses/advanced/methods_docs/pdf_doc/wbf_collection/0601-0650/0646_FLA83_Krashen_D.PDF">The din in the head, input, and the language acquisition device</a></em><a href="https://web.pdx.edu/~fischerw/courses/advanced/methods_docs/pdf_doc/wbf_collection/0601-0650/0646_FLA83_Krashen_D.PDF"> (1983)</a></p><p><strong>Tim Murphey</strong>: The researcher who heard Krashen&#8217;s din and noticed it had a melody. <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0346251X90900284">The song stuck in my head phenomenon: A melodic din in the LAD?</a></em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0346251X90900284"> (1990) </a> and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0346251X90900284"> </a><em><a href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=rfCdBgAAQBAJ&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA5&amp;dq=Murphey,+T.+(1992).+Music+%26+Song.+Oxford+University+Press.&amp;ots=bKHJB47QvG&amp;sig=Gzec4iadmk6oXDzhK88zNiDnzx4#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Music &amp; Song (1992)</a></em></p><p><strong>Pavia, Webb &amp; Faez</strong>: The team that helped pin down how many listens it takes for a lyric to become yours (somewhere around five). <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-second-language-acquisition/article/abs/incidental-vocabulary-learning-through-listening-to-songs/24418DF071558AE40C2D429B6868F8B9">Pavia, N., Webb, S., &amp; Faez, F. Incidental vocabulary learning through listening to songs. </a><em><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-second-language-acquisition/article/abs/incidental-vocabulary-learning-through-listening-to-songs/24418DF071558AE40C2D429B6868F8B9">Studies in Second Language Acquisition </a></em><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-second-language-acquisition/article/abs/incidental-vocabulary-learning-through-listening-to-songs/24418DF071558AE40C2D429B6868F8B9">(2019)</a></p><p><strong>Latinolife</strong>: The interview where Juan Luis Guerra himself wishes more Americans could feel his metaphors in their first language. <em><a href="https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/divine-sensuality-genius-juan-luis-guerra">Divine Sensuality: The Genius of Juan Luis Guerra</a></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bubbles-of-spanish/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bubbles-of-spanish/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2>Burbujas de espa&#241;ol</h2><p>Cuando ten&#237;a diecis&#233;is a&#241;os, mi pap&#225; me ayud&#243; a aplicar a un programa de verano en UC Santa Barbara. Cuando recib&#237; la carta de aceptaci&#243;n &#8212; la primera persona de mi familia en tener una carta as&#237; en sus manos &#8212; estaba emocionada por dos razones: &#161;iba a la universidad Y iba a la playa!</p><p>Nadie m&#225;s quiso unirse al viaje de cinco horas, as&#237; que mi pap&#225; y yo salimos solos. En nuestra Astrovan, mi pap&#225; hab&#237;a empacado una caja de leche llena de CDs. Mi pap&#225; tranquilamente podr&#237;a haber sido etnomusic&#243;logo. Hab&#237;a CDs de Motown, Fania, The Doors, y Buddy Guy. No necesit&#243; la caja entera porque nos pasamos ese viaje escuchando <em>Bachata Rosa</em> de Juan Luis Guerra en repeat.</p><p>Ser&#237;a mi primera clase de espa&#241;ol. Y la puerta abierta para volver a mi idioma.</p><h3>Bachata en el cerebro</h3><p>Mi pap&#225; siempre ha sido un rom&#225;ntico. Cuando era ni&#241;a, me mostraba los poemas de amor que le hab&#237;a escrito a mi mam&#225; en ingl&#233;s, en su diario. En este viaje, sin embargo, las l&#237;neas no eran suyas y no eran en ingl&#233;s. Eran de Juan Luis Guerra, y eran en espa&#241;ol dominicano. As&#237; que le daba pause al coro, me daba una traducci&#243;n, y me explicaba lo que de verdad se estaba diciendo por debajo.</p><p>&#201;l no lo sab&#237;a, pero estaba dando <em>una clase</em> <em>magistral</em>.</p><p>Los maestros de idiomas suelen usar m&#250;sica en sus cursos para motivar a sus estudiantes, para llamar la atenci&#243;n sobre matices de significado. Pero lo que hace que este m&#233;todo funcione no es el entretenimiento. Es lo que pasa dentro del cerebro del que escucha. <strong>La m&#250;sica activa las partes del cerebro que adquieren el lenguaje.</strong></p><p>Mi pap&#225; manejaba, Juan Luis Guerra cantaba. Y en alg&#250;n punto entre San Jose y Salinas, mi cerebro empez&#243; a aprender espa&#241;ol al ritmo de un bolero llamado <em>Burbujas de Amor</em>.</p><h3>Burbujas en la cabeza</h3><p>Stephen Krashen tiene un nombre para ese fen&#243;meno: cuando un idioma nuevo empieza a repetirse en tu mente sin tu permiso. Le llama <em>the din in the head</em> &#8212; el zumbido en la cabeza. Un <em>din</em> es algo parecido a ese jingle de comercial que no puedes dejar de tararear, excepto que ahora pasa en el idioma que est&#225;s aprendiendo. Krashen propuso que el <em>din</em> era una se&#241;al de que el Dispositivo de Adquisici&#243;n del Lenguaje estaba funcionando, en segundo plano.</p><p>Sin embargo, no fue &#233;l quien invent&#243; el t&#233;rmino. Se lo prest&#243; de la ling&#252;ista y arque&#243;loga Elizabeth Wayland Barber, que lo describi&#243; por primera vez en 1980 mientras aprend&#237;a ruso. Ella escribi&#243; que las palabras estaban <em>&#8220;&#8230;nadando entre las voces de la gente con la que hablaba&#8230; me encontr&#233; masc&#225;ndolas como tanto chicle ling&#252;&#237;stico.&#8221; (mi traducci&#243;n)</em></p><p>En nuestro viaje, yo estaba mascando <em>Ojal&#225; que llueva caf&#233;</em>. El <em>din</em> requiere <a href="https://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf">comprehensible input</a> &#8212; input comprensible. Yo ya sab&#237;a qu&#233; significaba <em>caf&#233;</em> y qu&#233; significaba <em>llueva</em>. Pero ahora los sonidos y la textura de <em>Ojal&#225;</em>, que viene del &#225;rabe <em>Inshallah</em>, daban vueltas en mi mente. La imagen de la prosperidad cayendo del cielo junto con una cosecha rica me sell&#243; el significado. Le agradezco a Juan Luis Guerra haberme dado una forma m&#225;s matizada de esperar, en espa&#241;ol.</p><p>Y en 1990 &#8212; el mismo a&#241;o en que mi pap&#225; y yo escuch&#225;bamos <em>Bachata Rosa</em> por la Highway 101 &#8212; un ling&#252;ista llamado Tim Murphey le dio al <em>din</em> de Barber una textura m&#225;s. Not&#243; que las letras de canciones en una segunda lengua provocaban el mismo repaso involuntario, pero con una melod&#237;a por debajo. Lo llam&#243; el fen&#243;meno de la <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0346251X90900284">canci&#243;n atorada en la cabeza</a></em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0346251X90900284">: un </a><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0346251X90900284">din</a></em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0346251X90900284"> mel&#243;dico. </a>El coro se repite en la mente, quieras o no. Pero esto no es una molestia para quien aprende un idioma. Es un repaso gratis.</p><p>Ah&#237; est&#225;bamos, escuchando <em>Burbujas de Amor</em>, mi pap&#225; manejando y yo de copiloto en la Astrovan, mientras alguien escrib&#237;a un papel sobre exactamente lo que me estaba pasando a m&#237;.</p><h3>Canta como si nadie te escuchara</h3><p>A los diecis&#233;is a&#241;os, ya me daba pena hablar espa&#241;ol en p&#250;blico. Algunas palabras se sent&#237;an como bloques cuadrados en mi boca, y sab&#237;a que comet&#237;a errores usando art&#237;culos femeninos para sustantivos masculinos &#8212; y que viv&#237;a perpetuamente en el tiempo presente.</p><p>Pero ah&#237; estaba con mi pap&#225;, alguien frente a quien pod&#237;a cantar desafinada sin verg&#252;enza. La m&#250;sica a todo volumen, rodando por los campos preciosos de la Highway 101 en California. Estaba completamente relajada, c&#243;moda equivoc&#225;ndome en la pronunciaci&#243;n o confesando mi ignorancia.</p><p>Mi <a href="https://www.sdkrashen.com/content/books/principles_and_practice.pdf">filtro afectivo</a> estaba pr&#225;cticamente en mute. Krashen tambi&#233;n explica que esto es beneficioso para el aprendizaje de un idioma. Cuando te sientes ansiosa o juzgada al hablar una lengua nueva, tu filtro afectivo sube a todo volumen y ahoga cualquier input comprensible. Con mi filtro en bajo, m&#225;s letras de <em>Bachata Rosa</em> lograban llegarme.</p><p>Esta es una de las mejores razones para usar m&#250;sica al aprender un idioma. Crea un estado de baja ansiedad.</p><p>Mientras rod&#225;bamos por la carretera, las palabras y los conceptos de <em>La Bilirrubina</em> llegaban a mi Dispositivo de Adquisici&#243;n del Lenguaje sin pena.</p><h3>Perdido y encontrado en la traducci&#243;n</h3><p>El espa&#241;ol presenta el anhelo, la esperanza, hasta el amor, de manera diferente al ingl&#233;s. Mi pap&#225; y Juan Luis Guerra estaban dando clase juntos. Y esta era una lecci&#243;n que ning&#250;n libro de gram&#225;tica me pod&#237;a dar.</p><p>Comentario social. Romance. Amor por la cultura, amor por el idioma. Todo eso llegaba a trav&#233;s de la reproductora de CDs de la Astrovan.</p><p>Mi pap&#225; deten&#237;a el CD y me daba una traducci&#243;n aproximada. Luego le daba rewind y play. Las frases en espa&#241;ol activaban mi Dispositivo de Adquisici&#243;n del Lenguaje. Las met&#225;foras tan ricas no creaban la misma imagen, ni la misma emoci&#243;n, en sus traducciones al ingl&#233;s. Siempre quedaba algo afuera &#8212; un sentimiento, un lugar, una textura &#8212; hasta que las escuchabas en espa&#241;ol.</p><p><a href="https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/divine-sensuality-genius-juan-luis-guerra">Juan Luis Guerra </a> ha dicho lo mismo. En una entrevista, coment&#243;: <em>&#8220;I&#8217;d love to be more skilled in English, to get songs like &#8216;Ojal&#225; que Llueva Caf&#233;&#8217; into English. I&#8217;d love it if Americans could understand Dominican culture, Dominican metaphors.&#8221;</em></p><p>Hay una brecha a la que mi pap&#225; llegaba con cada pausa que daba. La brecha entre conocer un idioma y conocer una cultura.</p><p>Con la ayuda de mi pap&#225;, yo empezaba a cruzarla.</p><h3>Espa&#241;ol en loop</h3><p>Escuchamos ese CD muchas veces en el viaje. A veces con interrupciones para traducciones, a veces para disfrutar una canci&#243;n de principio a fin. Escuchar la misma canci&#243;n una y otra vez &#8212; algo que ya hac&#237;a como adolescente &#8212; result&#243; ser una manera eficaz de aprender espa&#241;ol.</p><p><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-second-language-acquisition/article/abs/incidental-vocabulary-learning-through-listening-to-songs/24418DF071558AE40C2D429B6868F8B9">Estudios en adquisici&#243;n de segundas lenguas</a> han demostrado que escuchar la misma canci&#243;n repetidamente mejora el reconocimiento de vocabulario, la conexi&#243;n de significado, e incluso el aprendizaje gramatical. El punto &#243;ptimo parece estar alrededor de cinco escuchas o m&#225;s.</p><p>Un viaje largo en carretera con mi pap&#225;, que tiende a sobreexplicar las cosas, fue el sistema perfecto de repaso espaciado para aprender espa&#241;ol. Tocaba el mismo &#225;lbum entre paradas de descanso, como si fuera la banda sonora de nuestra aventura. Palabras que nunca hab&#237;a escuchado ya eran viejas conocidas para cuando llegamos a Paso Robles, y las ten&#237;a memorizadas para cuando llegamos a Santa Barbara. No porque hubiera estudiado de alg&#250;n libro de gram&#225;tica, sino porque hab&#237;a estado cantando el coro. Un <em>din</em> de cinco horas.</p><h3>Llegando al principio del viaje</h3><p>Mi pap&#225; entr&#243; al estacionamiento del dorm de Santa Cruz en UCSB. El aire salado entraba por las ventanas abiertas mientras Juan Luis Guerra todav&#237;a cantaba sobre el amor no correspondido en <em>La Bilirrubina</em>. Mi pap&#225; paus&#243; la canci&#243;n y apag&#243; el motor.</p><p>Me ayud&#243; con mis cosas y me ayud&#243; a registrarme. Despu&#233;s me abraz&#243; y se subi&#243; de vuelta a la van.</p><p>Antes de arrancar, subi&#243; la m&#250;sica otra vez. Y yo me desped&#237; con la mano.</p><p>Estaba lejos de casa por primera vez. Pero me hab&#237;a quedado con un regalo. No era vocabulario en espa&#241;ol. Y no era exactamente espa&#241;ol, tampoco.</p><p>Mi pap&#225; hab&#237;a despertado mi curiosidad &#8212; no solo por una lengua, ni por una herencia, sino por un futuro posible.</p><p>&#191;Qui&#233;n ser&#237;a yo si dejara de tener pena de hablar espa&#241;ol? &#191;Qu&#233; aprender&#237;a si pudiera hacerlo en dos lenguas, en vez de solo en mi m&#225;s fuerte?</p><p>Todav&#237;a estoy respondiendo esas preguntas.</p><p>Eso es lo que me trae aqu&#237;, a compartir el viaje, a compartir mis aprendizajes.</p><p>Si t&#250; tambi&#233;n est&#225;s en una jornada con otra lengua &#8212; cantando con Vicente Fern&#225;ndez o Bad Bunny en espa&#241;ol, con Bruno Mars o The Beatles en ingl&#233;s, o con cualquier artista que pongas a todo volumen mientras manejas &#8212; bienvenida, bienvenido.</p><p>El viaje apenas comienza.</p><h3>T&#225;ctica Metaling&#252;&#237;stica #19</h3><h4>Press Play, Press Pause, Press Play Again</h4><p>Busca una canci&#243;n en el idioma con el que est&#225;s en jornada &#8212; una que ya ames.</p><p>Esc&#250;chala una vez, completa. Sin pausa. Deja que las palabras que conoces emerjan, y deja que las que no conoces simplemente pasen. Est&#225;s escuchando la forma, no el contenido.</p><p>Despu&#233;s busca la letra. L&#233;ela. Traduce las partes donde te trabaste. Investiga cualquier frase que te haya dejado perdida.</p><p>Ahora dale play otra vez. Esta vez, las palabras que no captaste ser&#225;n amigas viejas. Ese es el <em>din</em> haciendo su trabajo. Ese es tu Dispositivo de Adquisici&#243;n del Lenguaje, encendido.</p><p>Toca la canci&#243;n otra vez al d&#237;a siguiente. Y al siguiente. Cinco veces &#8212; eso es lo que dicen los estudios &#8212; es el punto donde las palabras empiezan a ser tuyas.</p><p>La canci&#243;n no es la tarea.</p><p>La canci&#243;n es la amiga que te sigue ense&#241;ando, cada vez que le das play.</p><p>Una canci&#243;n no es solo ritmo, melod&#237;a, y palabras.</p><p>Dentro de ese ritmo de bachata vive una forma entera de ver el mundo.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bubbles-of-spanish/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/bubbles-of-spanish/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Brain Between Languages]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-brain-between-languages</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-brain-between-languages</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 09 May 2026 17:14:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKzv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40a578c1-17f6-4998-93e7-503c45e8a142_1211x1591.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKzv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40a578c1-17f6-4998-93e7-503c45e8a142_1211x1591.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKzv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40a578c1-17f6-4998-93e7-503c45e8a142_1211x1591.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKzv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40a578c1-17f6-4998-93e7-503c45e8a142_1211x1591.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKzv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40a578c1-17f6-4998-93e7-503c45e8a142_1211x1591.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKzv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40a578c1-17f6-4998-93e7-503c45e8a142_1211x1591.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>The City That Lives in Two Tongues</strong></h3><p>The first time I traveled to Barcelona, I had prepared myself to navigate the city in Spanish. I studied verb tables and common phrases, my preparation offered up like a small devotion. And then I stepped off the plane.</p><p>The first sign I read wasn&#8217;t in Spanish. It was in Catalan. <em>Sortida.</em> Exit.</p><p>In the caf&#233;s, I heard conversations slide between languages mid-sentence. A grandmother ordering <em>un tallat</em> in Catalan, then giving directions to tourists in Spanish. The bus driver greeting one passenger with <em>bon dia</em> and responding to another with <em>buenos d&#237;as</em>, calibrating language in real time. Most people in Catalonia move between two languages with the confident gait of someone walking down a familiar hallway in the dark. Undeniably, though, some prefer Catalan. They lean into it. They protect it. The language carries something Spanish does not, at least not for them: a sense of place, a sense of self.</p><p>You feel this everywhere in the city, but nowhere more viscerally than at a Cl&#225;sico. When Real Madrid plays FC Barcelona, the rivalry is not just sporting. It is linguistic, political, and ancestral. <br><br><em>M&#233;s que un club</em> &#8212; &#8220;more than a club&#8221; &#8212; is the Bar&#231;a motto, and it is written, of course, in Catalan. The chant roaring in the stadium is not simply about football. It is about which words you choose to feel proud in.</p><p>I left Barcelona with a burning question that had been smoldering for years: <em>what is actually happening in the mind of a person who lives this fluidly between two languages?</em></p><p>As a Spanish-English bilingual, I had grown up knowing that the language I used at family gatherings was not the same instrument I used at school. That something in me shifted when I switched, that certain words could only be said in certain rooms with certain people. Long before I could explain it, I was living it.</p><p>Then came my travels to Oaxaca, where bilingualism wasn&#8217;t a matter of <em>two</em> languages but <em>which of the many.</em> Mexico recognizes sixty-eight indigenous languages; Oaxaca is home to more than a dozen including: Zapotec, Mixtec, Mazatec, Chinantec, Triqui, Mixe, Chatino. Each language carries cosmologies that Spanish translations can not render in full. </p><p>In Oaxaca, I met students of all ages who had arrived at school speaking a language their teacher did not, who learned Spanish as a second tongue, and later, English as a third. Their &#8220;multilingual brains&#8221; were holding entire worldviews in trust for the next generation. </p><p>Later, working in U.S. public schools, I encountered the luminous, yet often invisible multilingualism of a country that officially insists it is monolingual. In a single urban district, students may collectively speak more than a hundred languages. Children seek out their same-language peers and build small linguistic islands together. Their teachers &#8212; well-meaning and often under-resourced &#8212; do their best to help them acquire English. Over time, the students build their cognitive architecture: a bilingual brain doing extracurricular work no one is grading. </p><p>By the time I arrived in Barcelona, my question was fully aflame. Here, I could observe adults in public, performing bilingual cognition with everyday grace.<br><br>Not long after, I picked up the book, <em>The Bilingual Brain,</em> written by Catalan psycholinguist, the late <a href="https://www.cccb.org/en/w/participants/albert-costa">Albert Costa</a>, and discovered that he had spent his career asking, with extraordinary rigor, the same question my life and travels had lit up in me.</p><p>When I ask what is happening inside the bilingual brain, I am asking on behalf of a Catalan grandmother speaking to her grandson, a &#209;uu Savi (Mixtec) girl learning Spanish in school, a Mam-speaking student in an Oakland classroom. The research extends to me-search, contemplating the younger version of myself simultaneously <em>saludando a la familia</em>, while learning to read in English.</p><p>For years, I had read that bilinguals are essentially translating, running a quiet little subtitle track behind their thoughts. <br></p><p>But it turns out that&#8217;s not what&#8217;s happening at all.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>The Myth of the Internal Translator</strong></h3><p>Fluent bilinguals do not translate. They <em>select.</em></p><p>When a Catalan speaker reaches for the word <em>enyoran&#231;a</em> &#8212; Catalan for that ache of longing for something or someone absent &#8212; they are not first thinking <em>nostalgia</em> and then converting. They are pulling directly from a conceptual space, and the language that fits the feeling shows up first. The Spanish language is <em>also</em> active in the background, ready, but <strong>suppressed.</strong></p><p>This is the part most people miss. Bilingualism is not &#8220;one language plus another.&#8221; It is a permanent state of <em>managed coexistence.</em> <em>Both languages are awake at all times.</em> The brain is always choosing which one gets to speak.</p><p>To understand what that choosing actually builds, and what it costs, I had to read the works of two researchers who, between them, mapped for me the deep architecture of this skill.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>The Recycled Brain</strong></h3><p>The French cognitive neuroscientist <a href="https://royalsociety.org/people/stanislas-dehaene-36217/">Stanislas Dehaene </a>proposed an idea that rewired how we understand human learning. He called it <em>neuronal recycling.</em></p><p>The puzzle he was trying to solve rings philosophical. He looked at the process of reading, a cultural invention only a few thousand years old. That is far too recent for evolution to have built a dedicated brain region for it. And yet, <em>in literate humans across every script, reading reliably activates the same small patch of cortex</em>, the visual word form area. </p><p>How can a cultural invention have a fixed biological address?</p><p>Dehaene&#8217;s answer: the brain doesn&#8217;t develop new real estate for new skills. It <em>repurposes</em> old circuits. The region that helps us recognize letters was originally tuned for recognizing objects, faces, edges in the visual world. Literacy moved in and renovated. The older functions aren&#8217;t erased; they shape and constrain what the new function can become.</p><p>This is a profound idea, because it tells us something about what the brain <em>is.</em> <strong>It is not a blank slate, and it is not a fixed instrument either.</strong> It is an old building under continuous, intelligent renovation.</p><p><em>Bilingualism, seen through this lens, is one of the most ambitious renovations the human brain ever undertakes.</em> A second language doesn&#8217;t get its own clean wing of our cerebrum. Instead, our second language threads itself through the existing language network: sharing circuits, competing for them, reshaping them. The bilingual brain is not two brains side by side. It is one brain that has learned to host two systems, living in the same room, knowing, at every moment, which room to turn the lights on for.</p><p>Which is exactly the problem Albert Costa spent his career studying.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Your Brain is Conducting Traffic</strong></h3><p>Costa&#8217;s central insight was this: when you speak one language, the other one does not politely turn off. It is active. It is <em>competing.</em> Every time a bilingual opens their mouth, their brain has just finished suppressing an alternative.</p><p>He demonstrated this with elegant experiments. When bilinguals are asked to name pictures rapidly, switching between languages on cue, they pay what&#8217;s called a <em>switch cost</em>: a tiny, measurable lag. </p><p>And here is the strange and telling detail: <em>the switch cost is asymmetric</em>. </p><p>Picture this. You're speaking English all day, and then your <em>maestra de espa&#241;ol</em> calls. You switch into Spanish to greet her &#8212; and that switch, into your weaker language, is the costly one. <em>English has to be forcefully held back at a cost so Spanish can rise.</em> When you hang up and turn back to your English-speaking colleague, the switch is almost free; English just snaps back into place.</p><p>This isn&#8217;t because the weaker language is harder to produce in that moment, but because the dominant language has to be forcefully suppressed first, like holding a door shut while a quieter voice tries to speak. </p><p>That inhibition work your brain is doing, you don&#8217;t even feel. But it is there.</p><p>This work has a name: <em>executive control.</em> It is the same family of mental functions that lets you focus on a conversation in a noisy restaurant, resist a distraction, or hold two competing rules in mind at once. </p><p>Costa argued that bilinguals exercise this system constantly, in the most ordinary acts of speech, across a lifetime. And this exercise leaves neurological traces. </p><p>We know Bilingualism is a superpower: bilingual infants as young as four months can detect a language switch by watching <em>silent</em> mouths. Bilingual children show subtle advantages in perspective-taking and reduced egocentric bias. There is evidence, though still debated, that lifelong bilingualism delays the onset of dementia symptoms by several years.</p><p>And true to the enterprise of science, comes something I love about Costa: his objective research. He resisted the seductive headline of &#8220;bilinguals are smarter.&#8221; He showed, just as honestly, that bilinguals have more tip-of-the-tongue moments, and sometimes carry a smaller vocabulary in each individual language. That&#8217;s a real tradeoff, but one I am willing to take. </p><p>Costa&#8217;s legacy leaves us with an important metaphor. The bilingual brain is conducting traffic all day long. Two streams of language, one set of intersections, preventing collisions. With training, the traffic conductor gets better at conducting.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>What the Science Misses</strong></h3><p>Here is where the lab data ends and lived experience begins.</p><p>Bilinguals know things about themselves that no fMRI has yet measured. We know that languages are not interchangeable containers for the same thoughts; they are differently shaped vessels, and some feelings fit better into one of them. We know that emotional words &#8212; <em>te quiero, I&#8217;m sorry</em> &#8212; do not weigh the same in every language we speak, and that the language of childhood often holds a gravity difficult to match.</p><p>Costa&#8217;s own research bears this out: the emotional charge of a word is reliably greater in the dominant or first-learned language. We feel more in our mother tongue. We reason more coolly in our second.</p><p>This is why bilinguals code-switch. Not because they are confused, but because they are reaching for <em>precision</em>, that exact word, in the exact register, with the exact emotional temperature, in the language that is hosting it.</p><p>For those holding language against the pressure of inhibition, this is not an academic point. It is survival. It is how a grandmother keeps a homeland alive in a language that has emigrated. It is how a child of immigrants negotiates two identities in the same sentence. It is how Catalans, generation after generation, have used their language for self-determination and cultural preservation.</p><p>This is what the Real Madrid&#8211;Bar&#231;a rivalry is carrying, beneath the football. <br>A language is never just a language. </p><p>It is who you are, spoken aloud. </p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Metalinguistic Tactic #18<br>The Switch Notice</strong></h3><p>Notice your switches. Without judgment. Without trying to change anything. Simply observe.</p><ul><li><p>Which language do you <strong>count</strong> in when you&#8217;re tired or doing math in your head?</p></li><li><p>Which language do you <strong>dream</strong> in?</p></li><li><p>Which language do you <strong>comfort</strong> someone in?</p></li><li><p>Which language do you <strong>solve problems</strong> in?</p></li></ul><p>What you will find, almost certainly, is that your languages have specialized. They have divided the labor of your inner life between them. One might handle the spreadsheets, while another handles the lullabies. </p><p>This is not a sign of fragmentation. It is a sign of <em>integration.</em> Your brain has built a custom routing system. A system for what to send through which channel, when to switch, and when to hold one language back so another one can speak.</p><p><strong>That is the cognitive flex of bilingualism</strong>. </p><div><hr></div><p>I think back, now, to that first afternoon in Barcelona. I was watching a city of people whose brains had become skilled at conducting two languages at once.</p><p>The bilingual brain is not split. It is not divided loyalties or half-fluencies or a translator running in the background. It is a brain that has been trained, by life, to live with two systems and choose between them with grace.</p><p>If you grew up between languages, if you live between them now, if you are raising a child who will&#8212;the way you hold them together is the quiet masterpiece of your mind.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-brain-between-languages/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/the-brain-between-languages/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h1>Vivir entre lenguas</h1><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>La ciudad que vive en dos lenguas</h2><p>La primera vez que viaj&#233; a Barcelona, me hab&#237;a preparado para moverme por la ciudad en espa&#241;ol. Estudi&#233; tablas de verbos y frases comunes; mi preparaci&#243;n ofrecida como una peque&#241;a devoci&#243;n. Y entonces baj&#233; del avi&#243;n.</p><p>El primer letrero que le&#237; no estaba en espa&#241;ol. Estaba en catal&#225;n. <em>Sortida.</em> Salida.</p><p>En los caf&#233;s, o&#237;a conversaciones que se deslizaban entre lenguas a media frase. Una abuela pidiendo <em>un tallat</em> en catal&#225;n, y luego d&#225;ndole indicaciones a unos turistas en espa&#241;ol. El conductor del autob&#250;s saludando a una pasajera con <em>bon dia</em> y respondi&#233;ndole a otra con <em>buenos d&#237;as</em>, calibrando en tiempo real. La mayor&#237;a de la gente en Catalu&#241;a se mueve entre las dos lenguas con el paso seguro de quien camina por un pasillo conocido en la oscuridad. Y innegablemente, algunos prefieren el catal&#225;n. Se inclinan hacia &#233;l. Lo protegen. La lengua carga con algo que el espa&#241;ol no lleva, al menos no para ellos: un sentido de lugar, un sentido de s&#237; mismos.</p><p>Esto se siente en toda la ciudad, pero en ning&#250;n lugar de manera m&#225;s visceral que en un Cl&#225;sico. Cuando el Real Madrid juega contra el FC Barcelona, la rivalidad no es solo deportiva. Es ling&#252;&#237;stica, pol&#237;tica, ancestral. </p><p><em>M&#233;s que un club</em> &#8212;&#8221;m&#225;s que un club&#8221;&#8212; es el lema del Bar&#231;a, y est&#225; escrito, por supuesto, en catal&#225;n. El c&#225;ntico en el estadio no trata simplemente del f&#250;tbol. Trata de las palabras que uno elige para sentirse orgulloso.</p><p>Sal&#237; de Barcelona con una pregunta encendida que llevaba a&#241;os ardiendo a fuego lento: &#191;qu&#233; est&#225; pasando, en realidad, dentro de la mente de una persona que vive con tanta fluidez entre dos idiomas?</p><p>Como biling&#252;e en espa&#241;ol e ingl&#233;s, hab&#237;a crecido sabiendo que la lengua que usaba en las reuniones familiares no era el mismo instrumento que usaba en la escuela. Que algo en m&#237; cambiaba cuando cambiaba de idioma; que ciertas palabras solo pod&#237;an decirse en ciertos cuartos, con ciertas personas. Mucho antes de poder explicarlo, ya lo estaba viviendo.</p><p>Despu&#233;s vinieron mis viajes a Oaxaca, donde el biling&#252;ismo no era cuesti&#243;n de dos lenguas, sino de cu&#225;l entre muchas. M&#233;xico reconoce sesenta y ocho lenguas ind&#237;genas; Oaxaca por s&#237; sola alberga m&#225;s de una docena que incluye: zapoteco, mixteco, mazateco, chinanteco, triqui, mixe, chatino. Cada idioma tiene sus propias cosmolog&#237;as que el espa&#241;ol no logra expresar plenamente. </p><p>All&#237; conoc&#237; a estudiantes de todas las edades que hab&#237;an llegado a la escuela hablando una lengua que su maestro no entend&#237;a, que aprendieron espa&#241;ol como segunda lengua y, m&#225;s tarde, ingl&#233;s como tercera. Sus &#171;cerebros multiling&#252;es&#187; custodiaban cosmovisiones completas para la pr&#243;xima generaci&#243;n. </p><p>M&#225;s adelante, trabajando en escuelas p&#250;blicas de Estados Unidos, me encontr&#233; con el multiling&#252;ismo luminoso, y a menudo invisible, de un pa&#237;s que oficialmente insiste en ser monoling&#252;e. En un solo distrito urbano, los estudiantes pueden hablar, entre todos, m&#225;s de cien lenguas. Los ni&#241;os buscan a compa&#241;eros que hablen su mismo idioma y juntos crean peque&#241;as &#171;islas ling&#252;&#237;sticas&#187;. Sus profesores &#8212;bienintencionados y a menudo con pocos recursos&#8212; hacen todo lo posible por ayudarles a aprender ingl&#233;s. Con el tiempo, los alumnos construyen su arquitectura cognitiva: un cerebro biling&#252;e que realiza un trabajo extraescolar que nadie califica. </p><p>Para cuando llegu&#233; a Barcelona, mi pregunta ard&#237;a en plena llama. All&#237; pude observarla desde afuera: adultos en p&#250;blico ejecutando la cognici&#243;n biling&#252;e con tal gracia cotidiana. </p><p>Poco despu&#233;s tom&#233; el libro <em>The Bilingual Brain</em>, escrito por el psicoling&#252;ista catal&#225;n <a href="https://www.cccb.org/en/w/participants/albert-costa">Albert Costa</a> &#8212;ya fallecido&#8212;, y descubr&#237; que &#233;l hab&#237;a dedicado su carrera a hacer, con un rigor extraordinario, la misma pregunta que mi vida y mis viajes hab&#237;an encendido en m&#237;.</p><p>Cuando pregunto qu&#233; est&#225; pasando dentro del cerebro biling&#252;e, lo pregunto en nombre de una abuela catalana y su nieto, de una ni&#241;a &#241;uu savi (mixteca) aprendiendo espa&#241;ol, de un estudiante mam en un sal&#243;n de clases en Oakland. La investigaci&#243;n se extiende a la introspecci&#243;n, en la que contemplo a mi yo m&#225;s joven saludando a la familia al mismo tiempo que aprende a leer en ingl&#233;s.</p><p>Durante a&#241;os le&#237; que las personas biling&#252;es, en el fondo, traducen &#8212; que llevan un peque&#241;o subt&#237;tulo corriendo en silencio detr&#225;s de sus pensamientos.</p><p>Resulta que no es eso lo que ocurre.</p><div><hr></div><h3>El mito del traductor interno</h3><p>Las personas biling&#252;es con fluidez no traducen. <em>Eligen.</em></p><p>Cuando un hablante de catal&#225;n alcanza la palabra <em>enyoran&#231;a</em> &#8212;ese dolor por la ausencia de algo o de alguien&#8212;, no piensa primero en <em>a&#241;oranza</em> y luego la convierte. Tira directamente desde un espacio conceptual, y el idioma que mejor calza con el sentimiento aparece primero. El otro idioma <em>tambi&#233;n</em> est&#225; activo en el fondo, listo, pero <strong>suprimido</strong>.</p><p>Aqu&#237; est&#225; lo que la mayor&#237;a pasa por alto. El biling&#252;ismo no es &#171;una lengua m&#225;s otra&#187;. Es un estado permanente de coexistencia administrada. <em>Las dos lenguas est&#225;n despiertas todo el tiempo</em>. El cerebro siempre est&#225; eligiendo cu&#225;l habla.</p><p>Para entender qu&#233; construye y qu&#233; cuesta esa elecci&#243;n, tuve que leer los trabajos de dos investigadores que, entre los dos, me ayudaron a comprender la estructura profunda de esta habilidad.</p><div><hr></div><h3>El cerebro reciclado</h3><p>El neurocient&#237;fico cognitivo franc&#233;s <a href="https://royalsociety.org/people/stanislas-dehaene-36217/">Stanislas Dehaene</a> propuso una idea que reorganiz&#243; nuestra comprensi&#243;n del aprendizaje humano. La llam&#243; <em>reciclaje neuronal.</em></p><p>El enigma que intentaba resolver suena casi filos&#243;fico. La lectura es una invenci&#243;n cultural de apenas unos miles de a&#241;os. Demasiado reciente para que la evoluci&#243;n haya construido una regi&#243;n cerebral dedicada a ella. Y, sin embargo, en personas alfabetizadas de todas las escrituras del mundo, la lectura activa de manera fiable la misma peque&#241;a zona de la corteza: el &#225;rea visual de la forma de las palabras. </p><p>&#191;C&#243;mo puede una invenci&#243;n cultural tener una direcci&#243;n biol&#243;gica fija?</p><p>La respuesta de Dehaene: el cerebro no construye espacio nuevo para habilidades nuevas. Reutiliza circuitos viejos. La regi&#243;n que nos ayuda a reconocer letras estaba originalmente afinada para reconocer objetos, rostros, bordes en el mundo visual. La lectura lleg&#243; y la renov&#243;. La funci&#243;n original no se borra; le da forma al nuevo uso y lo limita.</p><p>Es una idea profunda, porque nos dice algo sobre lo que el cerebro es. <strong>No es una hoja en blanco, ni un instrumento fijo.</strong> Es un edificio antiguo bajo una renovaci&#243;n continua e inteligente.</p><p><em>El biling&#252;ismo, visto desde aqu&#237;, es una de las renovaciones m&#225;s ambiciosas que el cerebro humano emprende.</em> Una segunda lengua no recibe su propia ala limpia del cerebro. Se entreteje con la red ling&#252;&#237;stica existente: comparte circuitos, compite por ellos, los reconfigura. El cerebro biling&#252;e no son dos cerebros lado a lado. Es un solo cerebro que ha aprendido a alojar dos sistemas en las mismas habitaciones, y a saber, en cada momento, en cu&#225;l encender la luz.</p><p>Que es, exactamente, el problema al que Albert Costa dedic&#243; su carrera.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Tu cerebro est&#225; dirigiendo el tr&#225;fico</h3><p>La intuici&#243;n central de Costa fue esta: cuando hablas una lengua, la otra no se apaga cort&#233;smente. Est&#225; activa. Est&#225; compitiendo. Cada vez que un biling&#252;e abre la boca, su cerebro acaba de terminar de suprimir una alternativa.</p><p>Lo demostr&#243; mediante elegantes experimentos. Cuando se pide a personas biling&#252;es que nombren im&#225;genes r&#225;pidamente, cambiando de idioma a una se&#241;al, pagan lo que se denomina un &#171;coste de cambio&#187;: un peque&#241;o retraso medible.</p><p>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; el detalle extra&#241;o y revelador: <em>el coste de cambio es asim&#233;trico</em>. </p><p>Imagina esto. Llevas el d&#237;a entero hablando espa&#241;ol, y de pronto te llama tu hijo, criado en Estados Unidos, para contarte algo en ingl&#233;s. Cambias al ingl&#233;s para responderle &#8212;y ese cambio, hacia tu lengua m&#225;s d&#233;bil, es el costoso. El espa&#241;ol tiene que ser contenido a la fuerza para que el ingl&#233;s pueda salir. Cuando cuelgas y vuelves a la conversaci&#243;n en espa&#241;ol con tu hermana, el cambio es casi gratuito; el espa&#241;ol regresa solo a su lugar.</p><p>No porque la lengua m&#225;s d&#233;bil sea m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de producir en ese momento, sino porque la lengua dominante tiene que ser suprimida con fuerza primero, como sostener una puerta cerrada mientras una voz m&#225;s callada intenta hablar.</p><p>El cerebro est&#225; haciendo un trabajo de inhibici&#243;n que t&#250; nunca sientes.</p><p>Ese trabajo tiene un nombre: <em>control ejecutivo.</em> Es la misma familia de funciones mentales que te permite seguir una conversaci&#243;n en un restaurante ruidoso, resistir una distracci&#243;n o sostener dos reglas que compiten en la mente al mismo tiempo.</p><p>Costa argument&#243; que las personas biling&#252;es ejercitan este sistema de manera constante, en los actos m&#225;s ordinarios del habla, y que a lo largo de una vida ese ejercicio deja huellas.</p><p>Sabemos que el biling&#252;ismo es un superpoder: beb&#233;s biling&#252;es de apenas cuatro meses ya pueden detectar un cambio de lengua mirando bocas en silencio. Ni&#241;os biling&#252;es muestran ventajas sutiles en la toma de perspectiva y un menor sesgo egoc&#233;ntrico. Hay evidencia, todav&#237;a debatida, de que el biling&#252;ismo a lo largo de la vida retrasa la aparici&#243;n de los s&#237;ntomas de la demencia varios a&#241;os.</p><p>Y, fiel al esp&#237;ritu de la ciencia, hay algo que me encanta de Costa: su investigaci&#243;n objetiva. Resisti&#243; el titular seductor de &#8220;los biling&#252;es son m&#225;s inteligentes&#8221;. Mostr&#243;, con la misma franqueza, que las personas biling&#252;es tienen m&#225;s momentos de &#8220;lo tengo en la punta de la lengua&#8221; y a veces cargan con un vocabulario menor en cada lengua individual. Es una verdadera decisi&#243;n de compromiso, pero estoy dispuesto a aceptarla. </p><p>Nos deja con una met&#225;fora importante. El cerebro biling&#252;e est&#225; dirigiendo el tr&#225;fico todo el d&#237;a. Dos corrientes de lenguaje, un conjunto de cruces, evitando colisiones. Con la pr&#225;ctica, el regulador de tr&#225;fico mejora en su labor.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Lo que la ciencia no alcanza a ver</h3><p>Aqu&#237; termina el dato de laboratorio y empieza la experiencia vivida.</p><p>Las personas biling&#252;es sabemos cosas sobre nosotras mismas que ninguna resonancia magn&#233;tica ha medido todav&#237;a. Sabemos que las lenguas no son recipientes intercambiables para los mismos pensamientos: son vasijas de formas distintas, y algunos sentimientos solo caben en una de ellas. Sabemos que ciertas palabras emocionales &#8212;<em>te quiero, perd&#243;name</em>&#8212; no pesan igual en cada lengua que hablamos, y que la lengua de la infancia suele tener una gravedad que las otras no alcanzan.</p><p>La propia investigaci&#243;n de Costa lo confirma: la carga emocional de una palabra es de manera fiable mayor en la lengua dominante, o en la primera aprendida. Sentimos m&#225;s en la lengua materna. Razonamos con m&#225;s frialdad en la segunda.</p><p>Por eso las personas biling&#252;es hacen <em>code-switching</em>. No porque est&#233;n confundidas, sino porque buscan precisi&#243;n: esa palabra exacta, en el registro exacto, con la temperatura emocional exacta, en la lengua que la est&#233; alojando.</p><p>Para quienes defienden su lengua frente a la presi&#243;n de la represi&#243;n, esto no es una cuesti&#243;n acad&#233;mica. Es una cuesti&#243;n de supervivencia. Es la forma en que una abuela mantiene viva su tierra natal a trav&#233;s de una lengua que ha emigrado. Es la forma en que un hijo de inmigrantes concilia dos identidades en una misma frase. Es la forma en que los catalanes, generaci&#243;n tras generaci&#243;n, han utilizado su lengua para la autodeterminaci&#243;n y la preservaci&#243;n cultural.</p><p>Esto es lo que la rivalidad Real Madrid&#8211;Bar&#231;a lleva debajo del f&#250;tbol. Una lengua nunca es solo una lengua.</p><p>Es una afirmaci&#243;n sobre qui&#233;n eres, en voz alta.</p><div><hr></div><h3>T&#225;ctica metaling&#252;&#237;stica #18</h3><h4>El aviso del cambio</h4><p>Nota tus cambios. Sin juicio. Sin tratar de cambiar nada. Simplemente observa.</p><p>&#191;En qu&#233; lengua <strong>cuentas</strong> cuando est&#225;s cansado o haces matem&#225;ticas en la cabeza?</p><p>&#191;En qu&#233; lengua <strong>sue&#241;as</strong>?</p><p>&#191;En qu&#233; lengua <strong>consuelas</strong> a alguien?</p><p>&#191;En qu&#233; lengua <strong>resuelves problemas</strong>?</p><p>Lo que vas a encontrar, casi con certeza, es que tus lenguas se han especializado. Han dividido el trabajo de tu vida interior entre ellas. Una lleva las hojas de c&#225;lculo. Otra lleva las canciones de cuna. </p><p>Esto no es un signo de fragmentaci&#243;n. Es un signo de integraci&#243;n. Tu cerebro ha creado un sistema de enrutamiento personalizado. Un sistema que determina qu&#233; enviar por cada canal, cu&#225;ndo cambiar y cu&#225;ndo dejar de lado un idioma para que pueda expresarse el otro.</p><p>Esa es la flexibilidad cognitiva del biling&#252;ismo. </p><div><hr></div><p>Ahora recuerdo aquella primera tarde en Barcelona. Observaba una ciudad llena de personas cuyos cerebros se hab&#237;an vuelto expertos en manejar dos idiomas a la vez.</p><p>El cerebro biling&#252;e no est&#225; dividido. No se trata de lealtades divididas, ni de una fluidez a medias, ni de un traductor funcionando en segundo plano. Es un cerebro que ha sido entrenado, por la vida, para convivir con dos sistemas y elegir entre ellos con elegancia.</p><p>Si creciste entre dos idiomas, si vives entre ellos ahora, si est&#225;s criando a un ni&#241;o que lo har&#225;... la forma en que los mantienes unidos es la silenciosa obra maestra de tu mente.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Raise Your Glass to the Story of Cinco de Mayo]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/raise-your-glass-to-the-story-of</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/raise-your-glass-to-the-story-of</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 00:21:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UDBQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9fbd497b-dd7b-4950-b1f2-9e47c243f37d_2112x1152.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UDBQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9fbd497b-dd7b-4950-b1f2-9e47c243f37d_2112x1152.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>For much of my life, I believed that <em>cinco de mayo</em> was a celebration of Mexican independence from Spain. Many in the United States still hold this same misconception.</p><p> It&#8217;s an easy mistake to make; both are stories of <strong>resistance and national sovereignty</strong>. </p><p>But Mexican Independence Day is September 16th, commemorating the <em>Grito de Dolores</em> of 1810, when Father Miguel Hidalgo rang a church bell and called upon his people to rise against Spanish colonial rule. That struggle lasted eleven years before Mexico won its freedom.<br><br><em>Cinco de mayo is a different story.</em> A story that begins with debt collection and ends with David defeating Goliath, Mexican style. <br><br>I learned the story from Hercilia Bret&#243;n, S&#225;bado School&#8217;s Spanish Language Advisor, and all around <em>erudita</em>. Much of what I know about Hercilia's native Mexico, lives in the stories she tells me. They arrive well cited, backed by the stacks of books that line her office. When Hercilia learned that I had been working with indigenous educators in Guelatao, Oaxaca, she clarified for me why <em>cinco de mayo</em> is so symbolic, particularly for Mexican-Americans and Chicanos in the US. </p><p>In 1861, <a href="https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/j/juarez.htm">President Benito Ju&#225;rez</a>, a Zapotec man from Guelatao, Oaxaca, temporarily suspended Mexico&#8217;s foreign debt payments. Years of civil war had emptied the treasury. France, Britain, and Spain sent warships to Veracruz demanding repayment. </p><p>Britain and Spain eventually negotiated and withdrew. France did not. </p><p>Napol&#233;on III had grander ambitions: to place a European monarch on Mexican soil and expand his empire across the Atlantic.<br><br>On <strong>May 5, 1862</strong>, French troops advanced on the city of <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/416/">Puebla</a>. <em>They were considered the most formidable military force in the world</em>. The Mexican army that met them numbered fewer than 4,000 indigenous and mestizo soldiers, armed with aging weapons and an indomitable spirit. <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/zaragoza-ignacio-seguin">General Ignacio Zaragoza</a>,  born in what is now Texas when it was still Mexican territory, led the defense. </p><p><strong>Against all expectations, the people of Puebla won.</strong><br><br>I know now that when Mexican Americans celebrate <em>cinco de mayo</em>, they are honoring the audacity of a people who resisted an empire and won.<br><br><strong>The victory was symbolic.</strong> However, France did not retreat. A year later, with 30,000 reinforcements, they overtook Mexico City and installed <a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/june-19/emperor-of-mexico-executed">Maximilian of Habsburg</a>, an Austrian archduke, as Emperor. </p><p>For three years, Maximilian sat on a throne, while Ju&#225;rez and his forces regrouped in the north, <em>never surrendering their claim to sovereignty.</em><br><br>When the American Civil War ended in 1865, the United States turned its attention southward, providing weapons and funding to Ju&#225;rez and pressuring France to withdraw from Mexico. Napol&#233;on III, overextended and losing public support at home, pulled his troops. </p><p>Without French military backing, Maximilian&#8217;s reign crumbled. He was captured at Quer&#233;taro, and in June of 1867 he was executed by firing squad. </p><p><em>Benito Ju&#225;rez, the Zapotec president who had never relinquished his office, returned to govern a sovereign Mexico.</em><br><br>This is the history being celebrated on <em>cinco de mayo</em>. Many of us grow up unaware, uninformed, as we gather with friends on May 5th to eat Mexican food and drink Mexican beer and Margaritas. The May 5th celebration is so big, and marketing campaigns so influential, that in some years, <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/cinco-de-mayo-beer-sales-outpace-st-patricks-day-and-super-bowl">beer consumption</a> on <em>cinco de mayo</em> surpassed that of the Super Bowl. </p><p>This year, I invite you to incorporate history into the celebration. </p><p>Not just the story of a  single battle, but the full historical arc: predatory debt, invasion, resistance, occupation, and ultimately, the restoration of self-determination and national sovereignty. <br><br>And within this arc, <em>language tells its own quiet story</em>.<br><br>When one nation occupies another, it doesn&#8217;t only impose laws and leaders. <em>It leaves behind words.</em> The French presence in Mexico was brief compared to the Spanish colonial period, but French influence on the Spanish language reveals intertwined histories. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, French culture dominated European courts, and Spanish absorbed hundreds of French words that remain in everyday use today.<br><br><em>Restaurante</em> comes from the French <em>restaurant,</em> itself derived from <em>restaurer</em>, to restore. The original restaurants in Paris served a single item: a restorative broth for the weary. The word crossed into Spanish carrying that history of nourishment, and now <em>restaurante</em> names places that serve <em>menudo</em>. <br><br><em>Chef</em> arrived the same way, from the French <em>chef de cuisine</em>, head of the kitchen. In Spanish, it signals expertise, authority over a craft. </p><p><em>Garaje</em>, from the French <em>garage</em>, a place to store. <br><br>In English, we share these and other words with French: <em>d&#233;j&#224; vu, rendez-vous</em>, <em>cul-de-sac</em>. Each one a linguistic fossil, preserving the memory of Norman conquest and <em>centuries of French cultural prestige </em>in England. <br><br>French words are so woven into Spanish and English that they feel native. And that is precisely the point. <em>Languages absorb history, integrate it, and move forward.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>And then there is </strong><em><strong>mariachi</strong></em><strong>.<br></strong><br>For years, the popular explanation was that the word came from the French <em>mariage</em>, because these musicians played at weddings during the French occupation. It was a plausible theory, printed on record sleeves and repeated in travel brochures. </p><p>But in 1981, a letter written by a <a href="https://www.laits.utexas.edu/jaime/cwp4/ioc/mariachi.html">Catholic priest in 1852</a> was discovered in church archives, complaining about the noise of <em>mariachis</em> at local festivities. <strong>The letter predates French arrival in Mexico by a decade.</strong><br><br>Modern scholars now believe the word <em>mariachi</em> has indigenous origins, most likely from the Otom&#237; language of Jalisco. The French theory was a convenient story that erased the indigenous roots of an art form that is profoundly Mexican.<br><br>Even the dispute tells us something. In a culture of <em>mestizaje</em>, where indigenous, African, and European traditions have been meeting and merging for five centuries, <em>the origin of a single word can become a site of reclamation</em>. To insist that <em>mariachi</em> is indigenous is to insist that<strong> Mexico&#8217;s cultural brilliance did not require European intervention to exist</strong>.<br><br><em>Words carry history</em>. </p><p>They carry the story of who arrived, what they imposed, what they left behind, and what the people who remained chose to keep, reject, or transform.  </p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>METAlinguistic Tactic #17: Study the History of the Words You Use in English and in Spanish</strong></h2><p><strong>The tactic: develop etymological awareness.</strong></p><p>Next time you encounter an Spanish or English word that sounds French, look up its <em>etymology.</em> </p><p>Ask: Where did this word originate? <br>What language gave it to Spanish, or to English? <br>What was happening historically when that word crossed over?</p><p>You might find a history of occupation, admiration, or resistance hiding in plain syllables.</p><p>You will begin to notice patterns. <br><br>Words related to food and spirituality often trace back to indigenous and African languages. Words related to government, fashion, and cuisine often trace back to French. Words related to science and philosophy often trace back to Greek and Latin.</p><p>Etymological awareness is more than trivia. It tells the story of power, resistance, and creativity living inside the language you already speak.</p><div><hr></div><p>In the Americas, <em>languages are not fixed systems</em>. They are dynamic, blending, borrowing, and constantly evolving. Every word we speak is an inheritance from someone, somewhere, in a time past.<br><br>When you say <em>restaurante</em>, you carry French. When you say <em>chocolate</em>, you carry Nahuatl. When you say you want to listen to <em>mariachi music </em>on<em> cinco de mayo</em>, you carry the creative genius of indigenous Mexico.<br><br>As we lift our <em>Margaritas, cervezas</em>, or <em>horchatas</em> on May 5th, let&#8217;s celebrate Mexico&#8217;s sovereignty. </p><p>Sovereignty fought for in battle, restored through persistence, and preserved in language. &#161;Viva Mexico!</p><h1>Brinda por la historia del cinco de mayo</h1><p>Durante gran parte de mi vida, cre&#237; que el cinco de mayo celebraba la independencia de M&#233;xico. Muchas personas en los Estados Unidos tienen esa misma idea equivocada.</p><p>Es un error comprensible; ambas son <strong>historias de resistencia y soberan&#237;a nacional.</strong></p><p>Pero el D&#237;a de la Independencia de M&#233;xico es el 16 de septiembre, cuando se conmemora el <em>Grito de Dolores</em> de 1810. Esa noche, el padre Miguel Hidalgo toc&#243; la campana de su iglesia y llam&#243; a su pueblo a levantarse contra el dominio colonial espa&#241;ol. La lucha dur&#243; once a&#241;os antes de que M&#233;xico consigui&#243; su libertad.<br><br><em>El cinco de mayo</em> es otra historia. Una historia que empieza con el cobro de una deuda y termina con David derrotando a Goliat, al estilo mexicano.</p><p>Aprend&#237; esta historia de Hercilia Bret&#243;n, asesora de lengua espa&#241;ola de S&#225;bado School y <em>erudita </em>en todo sentido. Cuando Hercilia supo que yo hab&#237;a estado colaborando con educadores ind&#237;genas en Guelatao, Oaxaca, me explic&#243; por qu&#233; el cinco de mayo es tan simb&#243;lico, particularmente para los mexicoamericanos y chicanos en Estados Unidos, donde la celebraci&#243;n es masiva. En M&#233;xico, curiosamente, el cinco de mayo se conmemora principalmente en Puebla. No tiene la misma magnitud que el 16 de septiembre. Pero del otro lado de la frontera, se convirti&#243; en <strong>un s&#237;mbolo de identidad y resistencia para la comunidad mexicoamericana.<br></strong><br>En 1861, el <a href="https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/j/juarez.htm">presidente Benito Ju&#225;rez</a>, un hombre zapoteco de Guelatao, Oaxaca, impuso una moratoria de dos a&#241;os sobre el pago de la deuda externa. La hacienda nacional estaba vac&#237;a despu&#233;s de a&#241;os de guerra civil. Francia, Gran Breta&#241;a y Espa&#241;a enviaron buques de guerra a Veracruz exigiendo el pago.<br><br>Gran Breta&#241;a y Espa&#241;a finalmente negociaron y se retiraron. Francia no.</p><p>Napole&#243;n III ten&#237;a ambiciones mayores: instalar un monarca europeo en suelo mexicano y expandir su imperio al otro lado del Atl&#225;ntico.</p><p>El <strong>5 de mayo de 1862</strong>, las tropas francesas avanzaron sobre <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/416/">la ciudad de Puebla</a>. Se consideraban la fuerza militar m&#225;s temible del mundo. El ej&#233;rcito mexicano que los enfrent&#243; contaba con menos de 4.000 soldados, muchos de ellos ind&#237;genas y mestizos, armados con armas viejas y un esp&#237;ritu indomable. <a href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/zaragoza-ignacio-seguin">El General Ignacio Zaragoza</a>, nacido en lo que hoy es Texas cuando ese territorio a&#250;n era mexicano, leal a Ju&#225;rez, dirigi&#243; la defensa.</p><p><strong>Contra todo pron&#243;stico, el pueblo de Puebla gan&#243;.</strong></p><p>Ahora comprendo que cuando los mexicano-americanos celebran el cinco de mayo, est&#225;n celebrando la resistencia contra un imperio que daba por escrito el resultado. Honran la audacia de un pueblo que se neg&#243; a aceptar que el poder determinara el destino.</p><p><strong>La victoria fue simb&#243;lica.</strong> Francia no se retir&#243;. Un a&#241;o despu&#233;s, con 30.000 refuerzos, tomaron la Ciudad de M&#233;xico e instalaron a <a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/june-19/emperor-of-mexico-executed">Maximiliano de Habsburgo</a>, un archiduque austriaco, como emperador. Durante tres a&#241;os, Maximiliano se sent&#243; en un trono mientras Ju&#225;rez y sus fuerzas se reorganizaban en el norte, sin renunciar jam&#225;s a su derecho a la soberan&#237;a.<br><br>Cuando la Guerra Civil estadounidense termin&#243; en 1865, Estados Unidos dirigi&#243; su atenci&#243;n hacia el sur: proporcion&#243; armas y fondos a Ju&#225;rez y presion&#243; a Francia para que se retirara de M&#233;xico. Napole&#243;n III, sobreextendido y perdiendo apoyo en casa, retir&#243; a sus tropas.</p><p>Sin respaldo militar franc&#233;s, el reinado de Maximiliano se desmoron&#243;. Fue capturado en Quer&#233;taro en mayo de 1867. El 19 de junio, fue fusilado.</p><p><em>Benito Ju&#225;rez, el presidente zapoteco que nunca renunci&#243; a su cargo, regres&#243; a gobernar un M&#233;xico soberano.</em></p><p>Esta es la historia que se celebra el cinco de mayo. Muchos crecemos sin saberla, mientras nos reunimos con amigos el 5 de mayo para comer comida mexicana y tomar cervezas y margaritas. La celebraci&#243;n en Estados Unidos es tan grande, y las campa&#241;as publicitarias tan influyentes, que en algunos a&#241;os el <a href="https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/cinco-de-mayo-beer-sales-outpace-st-patricks-day-and-super-bowl">consumo de cerveza</a> el cinco de mayo ha superado al del Super Bowl.</p><p>Este a&#241;o, les invito a incorporar la historia a la celebraci&#243;n.</p><p>No solo la historia de una batalla, sino el arco completo: deuda predatoria, invasi&#243;n, resistencia, ocupaci&#243;n, y finalmente, la restauraci&#243;n de la autodeterminaci&#243;n y la soberan&#237;a nacional.</p><p>Y dentro de ese arco, <em>la lengua cuenta su propia historia silenciosa.</em></p><p>Cuando una naci&#243;n ocupa a otra, no solo impone leyes y l&#237;deres. <em>Deja palabras</em>. La presencia francesa en M&#233;xico fue breve en comparaci&#243;n con el per&#237;odo colonial espa&#241;ol, pero la influencia del franc&#233;s en el espa&#241;ol refleja siglos de enredo. A lo largo de los siglos XVIII y XIX, la cultura francesa domin&#243; las cortes europeas, y el espa&#241;ol absorbi&#243; cientos de palabras francesas que siguen en uso cotidiano.</p><p><em>Restaurante </em>viene del franc&#233;s <em>restaurant</em>, derivado a su vez de <em>restaurer: </em>restaurar. Los primeros restaurantes en Par&#237;s ofrec&#237;an un solo producto: un caldo restaurador para el fatigado. La palabra cruz&#243; al espa&#241;ol cargando esa historia de sustento, y ahora restaurante nombra los lugares donde se sirve menudo.<br><br><em>Chef </em>lleg&#243; por el mismo camino, del franc&#233;s <em>chef de cuisine</em>, jefe de cocina. En espa&#241;ol se&#241;ala pericia, autoridad sobre un oficio.</p><p>Garaje, del franc&#233;s <em>garage</em>, un lugar para guardar.<br><br>En ingl&#233;s, comparten estas y otras palabras con el franc&#233;s: <em>d&#233;j&#224; vu, rendez-vous</em>, <em>cul-de-sac</em>. Cada una es un f&#243;sil ling&#252;&#237;stico que preserva la memoria de la conquista normanda y siglos de prestigio cultural franc&#233;s en Inglaterra.<br><br>Las palabras francesas est&#225;n tan tejidas en el espa&#241;ol y el ingl&#233;s que se sienten nativas. Y ese es exactamente el punto.<em> Las lenguas absorben su historia, la integran, y siguen adelante.<br></em><br><strong>Y luego est&#225; mariachi.</strong><br><br>Durante a&#241;os, la explicaci&#243;n popular era que la palabra ven&#237;a del franc&#233;s<em> mariage</em>, porque estos m&#250;sicos tocaban en bodas durante la ocupaci&#243;n francesa. Era una teor&#237;a plausible, impresa en las fundas de discos y repetida en folletos tur&#237;sticos.</p><p>Pero en 1981, se descubri&#243; en archivos eclesi&#225;sticos una <a href="https://www.laits.utexas.edu/jaime/cwp4/ioc/mariachi.html">carta escrita por un sacerdote</a> cat&#243;lico en 1852, quej&#225;ndose del ruido de los <em>mariachis</em> en festividades locales. <strong>La carta precede la llegada de los franceses a M&#233;xico por una d&#233;cada.<br></strong><br>Los estudiosos modernos ahora creen que la palabra <em>mariachi</em> tiene or&#237;genes ind&#237;genas, probablemente de la lengua otom&#237; de Jalisco. La teor&#237;a francesa fue una narrativa conveniente que borr&#243; las ra&#237;ces ind&#237;genas de una forma art&#237;stica profundamente mexicana.<br><br>Hasta la disputa nos dice algo. En una cultura de <em>mestizaje</em>, donde tradiciones ind&#237;genas, africanas y europeas se encuentran y se mezclan desde hace cinco siglos,<em> el origen de una sola palabra puede convertirse en un acto de reivindicaci&#243;n.</em> Insistir en que <em>mariachi</em> es ind&#237;gena es insistir en que <strong>la brillantez cultural de M&#233;xico no necesit&#243; la intervenci&#243;n europea para existir.<br></strong><br><em>Las palabras cargan historia.</em></p><p>Cargan la historia de qui&#233;n lleg&#243;, qu&#233; impuso, qu&#233; dej&#243; atr&#225;s, y qu&#233; eligi&#243; conservar, rechazar o transformar la gente que se qued&#243;.</p><h2><strong>T&#225;ctica metaling&#252;&#237;stica #17<br>Estudia la historia de las palabras que usas en ingl&#233;s y en espa&#241;ol</strong></h2><p><strong>La t&#225;ctica: desarrollar la conciencia etimol&#243;gica.</strong></p><p>La pr&#243;xima vez que te encuentres con una palabra en espa&#241;ol o en ingl&#233;s que suene a franc&#233;s, busca su <em>etimolog&#237;a.</em></p><p>Preg&#250;ntate: &#191;De d&#243;nde proviene esta palabra?<br>&#191;Qu&#233; idioma la aport&#243; al espa&#241;ol o al ingl&#233;s?<br>&#191;Qu&#233; estaba sucediendo hist&#243;ricamente cuando esa palabra se incorpor&#243;?</p><p>Quiz&#225;s descubras una historia de ocupaci&#243;n, admiraci&#243;n o resistencia escondida en simples s&#237;labas.</p><p>Empezar&#225;s a notar patrones.</p><p>Las palabras relacionadas con la comida y la espiritualidad suelen remontarse a lenguas ind&#237;genas y africanas. Las palabras relacionadas con el gobierno, la moda y la gastronom&#237;a suelen remontarse al franc&#233;s. Las palabras relacionadas con la ciencia y la filosof&#237;a suelen remontarse al griego y al lat&#237;n.</p><p>La conciencia etimol&#243;gica es m&#225;s que una curiosidad. Cuenta la historia del poder, la resistencia y la creatividad que habitan en el idioma que ya hablas.</p><div><hr></div><p>En las Am&#233;ricas, las lenguas no son sistemas fijos. Son din&#225;micas, se mezclan, toman prestados elementos y evolucionan constantemente. Cada palabra que pronunciamos es una herencia de alguien, en alg&#250;n lugar, en un tiempo pasado.</p><p>Cuando dices &#171;<em>restaurante</em>&#187;, llevas contigo el franc&#233;s. Cuando dices &#171;<em>chocolate</em>&#187;, llevas contigo el n&#225;huatl. Cuando dices que quieres escuchar m&#250;sica de mariachi el 5 de mayo, llevas contigo el genio creativo del M&#233;xico ind&#237;gena.</p><p>Mientras levantamos nuestras margaritas, cervezas u horchatas el 5 de mayo, celebremos la soberan&#237;a de M&#233;xico.</p><p>Una soberan&#237;a por la que se luch&#243; en la batalla, que se restaur&#243; gracias a la perseverancia y que se conserva en el idioma. &#161;Viva M&#233;xico!</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/raise-your-glass-to-the-story-of/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/raise-your-glass-to-the-story-of/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Se, Le, La, Los... Wait, Who Are We Talking About?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/se-le-la-los-wait-who-are-we-talking</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/se-le-la-los-wait-who-are-we-talking</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 25 Apr 2026 16:21:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sD1Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcabb89f-7b9f-4e33-a589-ca6fc2b8b51d_1227x982.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sD1Q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcabb89f-7b9f-4e33-a589-ca6fc2b8b51d_1227x982.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sD1Q!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcabb89f-7b9f-4e33-a589-ca6fc2b8b51d_1227x982.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sD1Q!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcabb89f-7b9f-4e33-a589-ca6fc2b8b51d_1227x982.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sD1Q!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcabb89f-7b9f-4e33-a589-ca6fc2b8b51d_1227x982.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sD1Q!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcabb89f-7b9f-4e33-a589-ca6fc2b8b51d_1227x982.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#171;Se le rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n cuando le dijo que se iba&#187;.</p><p> I was eavesdropping.<br><br>I wasn't trying to eavesdrop, but when your abuelita tells your t&#237;a abuela, &#171;Se le rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n cuando le dijo que se iba&#187;,  you don't just <em>unhear</em> that. You stop what you're doing. Your ears perk up. And suddenly you're invested in a story that isn't yours.<br><br>So there I was, doing the math in my head: <strong>Se le</strong> rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n cuando <strong>le</strong> dijo que <strong>se</strong> iba.<br><br>Wait, who broke whose heart?<br><br>Was it HER heart that broke? Or HIS? And who did the breaking? The person who was leaving, or someone else entirely?<br><br><em>Le dijo que se iba.</em><br><br>Okay, so someone told someone that they were leaving. But WHO told WHOM? And was the heart-breaking person the same as the person leaving? Or are we dealing with two or three different people stacked into a pile of pronouns I can't untangle?<br><br>In English, it would be: "It broke <strong>his</strong> heart when <strong>she</strong> told <strong>him</strong> <strong>she</strong> was leaving."<br><br>Four pronouns collapse to two people. Problem solved.<br><br>But Spanish? Spanish had just given me: Se. Le. Le. Se.<br><br>A matching game of pronouns where I'm supposed to know exactly who goes where, that I was losing. <br><br>And here's what really got me: I knew I was <em>listening</em> wrong. I could feel it. The way my brain was scrambling to track the pronouns&#8230;I KNOW I should be following the who&#8217;s who, but my brain isn&#8217;t cooperating.<br><br>The worst part? When I tried to explain the chisme to someone else, I tripped over my pronouns.</p><p><em>Bueno, tipo... &#191;alguien <strong>se le</strong> rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n?</em> <br>Well, like... did someone&#8217;s heart break to them? <br><br><em>O espera, &#191;al alguien <strong>se le</strong> rompi&#243;?</em>  <br>Or wait, did it break to the someone? <br><br><em>Y hab&#237;a una persona que... que se iba? &#191;Qui&#233;n se iba?</em> <br>And there was a person leaving... who was leaving? <br><br><em>Y definitivamente hab&#237;a dos &#8216;les&#8217;&#8218; &#191;tres &#8216;les&#8217; tal vez?</em> <br>And there was definitely two people, maybe three? <br><br>My English brain was trying to decipher any nouns to clarify, but Spanish kept stacking pronouns and I was supposed to keep up. As if I understood the chain and was tracking relationships like my abuelita and t&#237;a abuela.<br><br> But I wasn't.</p><p> Not yet, anyway.</p><h2>Why Is Spanish Anaphora So Tricky? </h2><p><strong>Anaphora</strong> is a pronoun or pro-verb that refers back to something already mentioned. The Spanish lineup: lo, la, le, los, las, les, se, me, te, nos, os</p><p>What adds to the complexity is that they shift based on <strong>gender, number</strong>, whether they refer to a <strong>direct object</strong> or <strong>indirect object</strong>, and if they are <strong>reflexive</strong> or not. </p><p>Singular: <em><strong>Le</strong> dije.</em> ( I told him) <br>Plural: <em><strong>Les</strong> dije.</em> (I told them)</p><p>Direct objects are what you do something to: <br><em><strong>La</strong> invit&#233;.</em> (I invited her)<br>Indirect objects are who you do something for,  or to: <br><em><strong>Se la</strong> envi&#233;.</em> (I sent it to her)</p><p>The substitution also works for verbs: <br>&#201;l est&#225; <strong>estudiando</strong> espa&#241;ol. (He&#8217;s studying Spanish)<br>Yo tambi&#233;n <strong>lo</strong> hago. (I do too)</p><p>With all this substitution, things can get confusing for English speakers. My friend Franccesca is from Peru, where, &#171;<em><strong>Se</strong> cay&#243;</em>&#187; (they fell) is common slang when someone falls asleep. When she asked her husband, an emergent bilingual, how their son was doing, he responded, &#171;<em><strong>Se me</strong> cay&#243;&#187;,</em> which meant, he dropped the boy. Fran wasn&#8217;t worried, she knew her son was sleeping soundly, while anaphora and pronouns were at play. </p><h2><strong>When The Pronouns Stack Against You</strong></h2><p>When pronouns cluster: <em>se lo</em>, <em>se la</em>, <em>te lo</em>, <em>nos lo, </em>like they did for Fran&#8217;s husband,<em> </em>the order matters. </p><p><em>&#191;Te lo envi&#233;?</em> vs. <em>&#191;Se lo envi&#233;</em>? is a subtle shift with big consequences.</p><p><strong>Te lo</strong> = intimate, direct (Did I send it to you-informal?)</p><p><strong>Se lo</strong> = formal, distant (Did I send it to you-formal, or him/her/them?) <br><br>Notice, you don&#8217;t specify WHO.</p><p>The consequence is you&#8217;re either being too casual, too formal, or genuinely ambiguous about identity. </p><p>So it&#8217;s not just grammar we are discussing here.  <br>It&#8217;s also a <strong>social relationship signaler.</strong><br></p><div><hr></div><h2>When English Leaves Something Dangling</h2><p>English has anaphora too. <em>"She broke his heart, and he never forgave her."</em> Four pronouns, same heartbreak, and you know exactly who's who. English trips you up somewhere else entirely.<br><br>While Spanish can mystify which noun or verb a pronoun stands in for, English sometimes muddles which noun a phrase is supposed to refer back to:</p><ul><li><p>&#8220;Walking down the street, my hat blew away.&#8221; &#8212; Did the <strong>hat</strong> go for a walk?</p></li><li><p>&#8220;After finishing the report, pizza arrived.&#8221; &#8212; Did the <strong>pizza</strong> finish the report?</p></li><li><p>&#8220;Driving through the rain, the <strong>car</strong> suddenly skidded.&#8221; &#8212; actually, since 2024 this one makes sense. </p></li></ul><p><strong>Anaphora</strong> is Spanish's way of being efficient: a pronoun stands in for a noun so you don't have to repeat it a hundred times. </p><p><strong>Dangling modifiers</strong> are English's version of confusion: a phrase at the start of a sentence that doesn't clearly attach to the noun it's describing. </p><p>Technically, dangling modifiers are grammatically incorrect according to the grammar police. But practically? They're everywhere in real English&#8212;emails, conversations, even published books. They are so pervasive that native speakers barely notice them. </p><p>And as we know, there&#8217;s a difference between what a grammar textbook says is correct and what humans actually do when they're communicating in Spanish or English. </p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h4><strong>How to Tame the Chaos</strong></h4><p><strong>The Pattern Recognition Tactic</strong></p><ul><li><p>Notice which pronouns cluster: <em>se lo</em> is common; <em>le la</em> sounds wrong</p></li><li><p>Build your &#8220;pronoun family trees&#8221; for verbs you use most</p></li><li><p>For example, <em>dar</em> (to give) &#8212; always triggers indirect object pronouns first (<em>le, lo</em>)</p><ul><li><p><em>&#191;Me lo diste?</em>&#8212;Did you give it to me?</p></li><li><p><em>Se lo di a mi hermana.</em>&#8212;I gave it to my sister</p></li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>When in Doubt, Repeat the Noun</strong></p><ul><li><p>Yes, native speakers will notice you&#8217;re being redundant</p></li><li><p>But it&#8217;s worth it for clarity</p></li><li><p>You&#8217;re not wrong; you&#8217;re being cautious. That&#8217;s bilingual wisdom.</p></li></ul><p><strong>With pronouns:</strong> &#171;<em><strong>Le</strong> dije que s&#237; pero luego <strong>se me</strong> olvid&#243; decir<strong>le</strong> d&#243;nde era&#187;.</em><br>(I told him yes, but then I forgot to tell him where it was)</p><p><strong>With nouns:</strong> &#171;Le dije a mi <strong>vecina</strong> que s&#237; pero luego se me olvid&#243; decir a mi <strong>vecina</strong> d&#243;nde era la <strong>fiesta</strong>&#187;. <br>(I told my neighbor yes, but then I forgot to tell my neighbor where the party was)</p><p>The irony in this anaphoric symmetry lies with Spanish forcing you to rely on pronouns, while English lets you be vague with subjects. Both languages assume you're paying attention&#8212;just in different ways. </p><h2><strong>METALINGUISTIC TACTIC #16<br>Track Your Pronouns Like Detective Work</strong></h2><ul><li><p>When you hear a Spanish sentence with pronouns, pause and play detective</p></li><li><p>Who does each pronoun refer to? Can you trace the thread?</p></li><li><p>Try rewriting it with nouns instead&#8212;see how redundant it sounds</p></li></ul><p>This helps you appreciate <em>why</em> Spanish needs so many pronouns</p><div><hr></div><p>In Spanish, pronouns had me lost and heartbroken. But here&#8217;s the thing: English can do the same thing, just in a different way. Not by confusing pronouns but by confusing what someone is talking about.</p><p>Whether you&#8217;re untangling &#171;<em>se lo</em>&#187; or identifying a dangling modifier, you&#8217;re doing the same work: you&#8217;re listening carefully, you&#8217;re asking questions, and you&#8217;re refusing to let confusion win.<br><br>You&#8217;re learning how language actually works. And that is bilingual brilliance.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Se, Le, La, Los... Espera, &#191;de qui&#233;n estamos hablando?<br><br>&#171;<em>Se le rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n cuando le dijo que se iba&#187;.</em></h3><p>Estaba de metiche.<br><br>No era mi intenci&#243;n, pero cuando tu abuelita le dice a tu t&#237;a abuela &#171;Se le rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n cuando le dijo que se iba&#187;, eso no se <em>des-escucha</em>. Dejas lo que est&#225;s haciendo. Se te paran las antenas. Y de repente est&#225;s metida en una historia que no es tuya.<br><br>Ah&#237; estaba yo, haciendo cuentas mentales: Se le rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n cuando le dijo que se iba.<br><br>Un momento... &#191; qui&#233;n se le rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n?<br><br>&#191;ELLA? &#191; &#201;L? &#191;qui&#233;n lo rompi&#243;? &#191;La persona que se iba, u otra persona completamente distinta?<br><br>Le dijo que se iba.<br><br>A ver, alguien le dijo a alguien que se iba. Pero &#191;QUI&#201;N le dijo a QUI&#201;N? &#191;la persona que rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n es la misma que se iba? &#191;O estamos hablando de dos o tres personas distintas apiladas en una monta&#241;a de pronombres que no logro desenredar?<br><br>En ingl&#233;s, ser&#237;a: &#8220;It broke <strong>his</strong> heart when <strong>she</strong> told <strong>him</strong> <strong>she</strong> was leaving.&#8221;<br><br>Cuatro pronombres. Dos personas. Asunto resuelto.<br><br>&#191;Pero en espa&#241;ol? El espa&#241;ol me acababa de dar: Se. Le. Le. Se.<br><br>Un juego de memoria de pronombres donde se supone que yo sepa exactamente qui&#233;n va con qui&#233;n. Un juego que iba perdiendo.<br><br>Y esto es lo que m&#225;s me sac&#243; de onda: yo <em>sab&#237;a</em> que estaba escuchando mal. Lo sent&#237;a. La forma en que mi cerebro se revolv&#237;a tratando de rastrear los pronombres... S&#233; que deber&#237;a estar siguiendo el hilo de qui&#233;n es qui&#233;n, pero mi cerebro no coopera.<br><br>&#191;Lo peor? Cuando trat&#233; de contarle el chisme a otra persona, me tropec&#233; con mis propios pronombres.</p><p>Bueno, tipo... &#191;alguien se le rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n?<br>O sea... &#191; alguien se le rompi&#243;?</p><p>No, espera, &#191;se le rompi&#243; al alguien?<br><br>Y hab&#237;a una persona que... que se iba? &#191;Qui&#233;n se iba?<br><br>Y definitivamente hab&#237;a dos &#8216;les&#8217;, &#191;tres &#8216;les&#8217; tal vez?<br><br>Mi cerebro en ingl&#233;s intentaba descifrar <strong>sustantivos</strong> para aclarar las cosas, pero el espa&#241;ol segu&#237;a apilando <strong>pronombres</strong> y asumiendo que yo iba al paso. Como si yo entendiera la cadena. Como si estuviera rastreando las relaciones igual que mi abuelita y mi t&#237;a abuela.<br><br> Pero no era as&#237;.<br><br> Todav&#237;a no.</p><div><hr></div><h2>&#191;Por qu&#233; la an&#225;fora en espa&#241;ol es tan enredosa?</h2><p>La an&#225;fora es un pronombre o pro-verbo que se refiere a algo ya mencionado. El elenco del espa&#241;ol: lo, la, le, los, las, les, se, me, te, nos, os.</p><p>Lo que le suma complejidad es que cambian seg&#250;n el <strong>g&#233;nero</strong>, el <strong>n&#250;mero</strong>, si se refieren a un <strong>objeto directo</strong> o <strong>indirecto</strong>, y si son <strong>reflexivos</strong> o no.</p><p>Singular: <strong>Le</strong> dije. <br>Plural: <strong>Les</strong> dije.<br><br><strong>Objetos directos</strong>&#8212;a qu&#233; o a qui&#233;n le haces algo:<br><strong>La</strong> invit&#233;.<br><br><strong>Objetos indirectos</strong>&#8212;para qui&#233;n o a qui&#233;n haces algo:<br><strong>Se la</strong> envi&#233;.<br><br>La sustituci&#243;n tambi&#233;n funciona con verbos:<br>&#201;l est&#225; <strong>estudiando</strong> espa&#241;ol.<br>Yo tambi&#233;n <strong>lo</strong> hago.<br></p><p>Con tanta sustituci&#243;n, las cosas se ponen confusas para los hablantes de ingl&#233;s. Mi amiga Francesca es de Per&#250;, donde &#171;<strong>Se</strong> cay&#243;&#187; es una expresi&#243;n coloquial habitual cuando alguien se queda dormido. Cuando le pregunt&#243; a su marido, un biling&#252;e emergente, c&#243;mo estaba su hijo, &#233;l respondi&#243;: &#171;<strong>Se me</strong> cay&#243;&#187;, lo que significaba que se le hab&#237;a ca&#237;do el ni&#241;o. Fran no se preocup&#243;, sab&#237;a que su hijo dorm&#237;a pl&#225;cidamente, mientras la an&#225;fora y los pronombres bromeaban. </p><h2>Cuando los pronombres se te amontonan</h2><p>Cuando los pronombres se agrupan: <em>se lo, se la, te lo, nos lo,</em> como le pas&#243; al esposo de Fran, el orden importa.<br><br>&#191;Te lo envi&#233;? vs. &#191;Se lo envi&#233;? &#8212; un cambio sutil con grandes consecuencias.<br><br> Te lo = &#237;ntimo, directo <br> Se lo= formal, distante puede indicar&#8212;usted, &#233;l, ella, ustedes</p><p>F&#237;jate: no especificas A QUI&#201;N.<br><br>La consecuencia es que un biling&#252;e emergente puede sonar demasiado casual, demasiado formal, o genuinamente ambiguo sobre la identidad de la persona.<br><br>As&#237; que no estamos hablando solo de gram&#225;tica aqu&#237;.<br><br><em>Tambi&#233;n es una se&#241;al de relaci&#243;n social.</em></p><div><hr></div><h2>Cuando el ingl&#233;s deja algo colgando en el aire</h2><p>El ingl&#233;s tambi&#233;n tiene an&#225;foras. &#8220;<strong>She</strong> broke <strong>his</strong> heart, and <strong>he</strong> never forgave <strong>her</strong>.&#8221; (Ella le rompi&#243; el coraz&#243;n y &#233;l nunca la perdon&#243;). Cuatro pronombres, el mismo desenga&#241;o amoroso, y sabes perfectamente qui&#233;n es qui&#233;n. El ingl&#233;s te confunde por otros motivos totalmente distintos. <br> &#8221;Walking down the street, my hat blew away.&#8221;&#8212;&#191;El sombrero sali&#243; a caminar?<br> &#8220;After finishing the report, pizza arrived.&#8221;&#8212;&#191;La pizza termin&#243; el reporte?<br>&#8221;Driving through the rain, the car suddenly skidded.&#8221;&#8212;Bueno, desde 2024, esta s&#237; tiene sentido.</p><p>La an&#225;fora es la forma que tiene el espa&#241;ol de ser eficiente: un pronombre toma el lugar del sustantivo para que no tengas que repetirlo cien veces.<br><br>Los <em><strong>dangling modifiers</strong></em> son la versi&#243;n inglesa de la confusi&#243;n: una frase al inicio de la oraci&#243;n que no se conecta claramente con el sustantivo que est&#225; describiendo.<br><br>T&#233;cnicamente, los <em>dangling modifiers</em> son gramaticalmente incorrectos seg&#250;n la polic&#237;a gramatical. &#191;Pero en la pr&#225;ctica? Est&#225;n en todas partes del ingl&#233;s real &#8212;correos, conversaciones, hasta libros publicados. Son tan comunes que los hablantes nativos apenas los notan.<br><br>Y como ya sabemos, hay una diferencia entre lo que dice un libro de gram&#225;tica y lo que los seres humanos realmente hacemos cuando nos comunicamos, en espa&#241;ol o en ingl&#233;s.</p><div><hr></div><h2>T&#193;CTICA METALING&#220;&#205;STICA #16<br>C&#243;mo atar lo que cuelga</h2><p><strong>1. Reconoce el patr&#243;n</strong><br>As&#237; como <em>se lo</em> es un combo com&#250;n en espa&#241;ol, las frases con &#8220;-ing&#8221; y &#8220;-ed&#8221; son las zonas de peligro en ingl&#233;s para los <em>dangling modifiers</em>.</p><p>"Runn<strong>ing</strong> late for work, my coffee spill<strong>ed</strong> all over my shirt."</p><p><strong>2. La prueba del &#191;Qui&#233;n/Qu&#233;?<br></strong>Antes de escribir en ingl&#233;s, preg&#250;ntate <strong>qui&#233;n hace la acci&#243;n</strong>. <br>Si el sujeto de tu frase no coincide, tienes un <em>modificador colgando</em>.</p><p>&#8220;After <strong>I</strong> finished the report, the pizza arrived.&#8221;</p><p><strong>3. Construye tus </strong><em><strong>familias de frases</strong></em><br>F&#237;jate qu&#233; frases en ingl&#233;s te hacen tropezar.<br>Como &#8220;Looking at...&#8221;, &#8220;Considering...&#8221;, &#8220;Having finished...&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;<strong>Looking at</strong> the menu, the prices shocked me.&#8221; <br>Parece que eran los precios los que se fijaban en uno. </p><p>En su lugar, prueba a:<br>&#8220;As <strong>I</strong> looked at the menu, I was shocked by the prices.&#8221;</p><p><strong>4. Nombra tu sujeto claramente</strong><br>Cuando tengas dudas, s&#233; expl&#237;cita. <br>&#8221;As <strong>I</strong> walked...&#8221; en vez de &#8220;Walking...&#8221; </p><p>&#8220;<strong>Walking</strong> down the street, my hat blew away.&#8221; <br>Se convierte en:<br>&#8220;As <strong>I</strong> walked down the street, <strong>my</strong> hat blew away.&#8221;<br>La claridad gana. </p><p><strong>5. Lee en voz alta (la prueba del o&#237;do)<br></strong>Tu o&#237;do atrapa las rarezas que tu cerebro a veces deja pasar.<br><br>&#8220;Exhausted by the meeting, the coffee tasted bitter.&#8221;</p><p>Tu intuici&#243;n te dir&#225; que algo no va bien, porque no se agot&#243; el caf&#233; despu&#233;s de la reuni&#243;n. </p><p>Sabr&#237;as decir, en vez de eso, &#8220;I was exhausted by the meeting, so the coffee tasted bitter.&#8221; </p><div><hr></div><p>En espa&#241;ol, los pronombres me ten&#237;an perdido y con el coraz&#243;n roto. Pero la cuesti&#243;n es esta: el ingl&#233;s puede hacer lo mismo, solo que de otra manera. No confundiendo los pronombres, sino confundiendo a qu&#233; se refiere alguien.</p><p>La &#250;nica soluci&#243;n es la misma en los dos: ve lentamente, preg&#250;ntate qui&#233;n hace qu&#233;, y s&#233; expl&#237;cita.</p><p>Ya sea que est&#233;s desentra&#241;ando &#171;se lo&#187; o identificando un modificador flotante, est&#225;s haciendo el mismo trabajo: est&#225;s escuchando con atenci&#243;n, est&#225;s haciendo preguntas y te niegas a dejar que la confusi&#243;n gane.</p><p>Est&#225;s aprendiendo c&#243;mo funciona realmente el lenguaje. <br>Y eso es brillantez biling&#252;e.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Diphthongs: The Sounds We Feel]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/diphthongs-the-sounds-we-feel</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/diphthongs-the-sounds-we-feel</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2026 05:39:15 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1P-f!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe7998f2f-6ab0-4ae7-9177-3ebce3c77e4b_1760x960.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>As a child, I remember people communicating with me in single syllable spurts, <em>ay,</em> if I had frustrated an adult, <em>ei,</em> if a cousin felt I was being unfair, and <em>ui</em> the time I stepped on dog poop at the park.</p><p>These quick vocal bursts are called diphthongs (<em>diptongos, </em>in Spanish) and they can be used colloquially to express reactions. Like all vowel sounds, they pass through the mouth unobstructed. The air leaves the mouth without blockage by the tongue, lips, or throat, and whether in English or Spanish, the voice glides from one vowel to the next. <br><br>The shape-shifting <em>Y</em> in English and Spanish, (considered by some to be both a consonant <em>and</em> a vowel), can also pair up with a vowel to form a diphthong, as does <em>W </em>and<em> H</em> in English. </p><p>These gliding sound pairs can be uttered to show emotion such as:  </p><p>When my sister recoils and says, <em>&#8220;ew!&#8221;</em><br>Each time my abuela winces and says, <em>&#8220;&#161;uy!&#8221;<br></em>Meeting the asphalt in tandem with my bike, <em>&#8220;ow!&#8221;</em> <br>That time I forgot to add <em>cold</em> water to goldfish tank: <em>&#8220;&#161;ay!&#8221;</em></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>What Is a Diphthong, Really?</strong></h2><p>A diphthong is often defined as <em>two vowels together</em>. But that definition doesn&#8217;t quite capture what&#8217;s happening.</p><p>A more precise way to think about it:</p><blockquote><p>A <strong>diphthong</strong> is a single syllable in which the voice glides between two vowel sounds.</p></blockquote><p>One syllable. Two vowels. The spotlight traveling from one sound to the other. </p><p>Sharing surprise with <em>ay</em>, in Spanish, your jaw drops on /a/ and contracts toward /i/.<br>Crinkling your nose and saying <em>ew </em>in English, your lips stretch then pucker. <br>After stubbing your toe, and shouting <em>ow</em> in English, your mouth opens wide and then rounds.</p><p>These diphthongs are shaped by how the mouth moves, how the breath flows, but also how quickly the sound can be produced in a moment of reaction: pain, disgust, surprise, doubt. </p><p>They are physical, almost reflexive. You feel them as much as you hear them.</p><p>And they allow for <strong>immediacy</strong>, beginning and resolving in one syllable. Not static, but in motion. Movement that mirrors the emotional shift they express.</p><p>A shared human response encoded in sound, each with a different linguistic history.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Spanish: The Structure Behind the Sound</strong></h2><p>In Spanish, diphthongs follow a relatively consistent pattern.</p><p>They typically occur when:</p><p>A <strong>strong vowel</strong> (<em>a, e, o</em>) combines with a <strong>weak vowel</strong> (<em>i, u</em>), and both are pronounced within the same syllable.</p><p>Examples include:</p><ul><li><p><em>h<strong>ay</strong></em> (there is/are) &#8594; /ai&#815;/</p></li><li><p><em>c<strong>ui</strong>dado</em> (careful) &#8594; cui-da-do</p></li><li><p><em>t<strong>ie</strong>rra</em> &#8594; (earth) tie-rra</p></li></ul><p>Even the letter <em>Y</em>, while not officially classified as a vowel in Spanish, can act like one in words like <em>hoy</em> or <em>muy</em>. </p><p><strong>So while Spanish formally recognizes five consistent vowel sounds, when combined, the </strong><em><strong>sounds</strong></em><strong> behave more dynamically.</strong></p><p>And importantly: Spanish diphthongs are <strong>predictable</strong>. Once you understand the pattern, you can reliably anticipate how they will sound. Not so much for English. </p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>English: Same Phenomenon, Less Predictability</strong></h2><p>English also relies heavily on diphthongs&#8212;but with far less consistency.</p><p>Consider:</p><ul><li><p>&#8220;Ow!&#8221; &#8594; <em>n<strong>ow</strong>, l<strong>ou</strong>d, </em></p></li><li><p>&#8220;Oh!&#8221;&#8594; <em>thr<strong>ow</strong>, g<strong>o</strong>, th<strong>ough</strong>, s<strong>ew</strong></em></p></li></ul><p><strong>The same sound can be spelled in multiple ways. And the same letter combinations can produce different sounds.</strong></p><p><em>Where Spanish offers a stable map, English offers multiple pathways.</em></p><p>And yet, despite this variability, English diphthongs show up in the same kinds of moments:</p><ul><li><p><em>&#8220;ew&#8221;</em> &#8594; disgust</p></li><li><p><em>&#8220;ow&#8221;</em> &#8594; pain or empathy</p></li><li><p><em>&#8220;oh&#8221;</em> &#8594; realization or skepticism</p></li></ul><p>Different systems. Same human instinct.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>A Brief Contrast: When the Glide Breaks</strong></h2><p>Not every pair of Spanish vowels creates this effect.</p><p>There is another phenomenon: the <strong>hiato</strong> (hiatus).</p><p>A hiato occurs when <strong>two vowels appear together</strong> <strong>but are pronounced in separate syllables</strong>.</p><p>Examples:</p><ul><li><p><em>pa&#237;s</em> &#8594; pa-&#237;s</p></li><li><p><em>o&#237;r</em> &#8594; o-&#237;r</p></li><li><p><em>maestro</em> &#8594; ma-es-tro</p></li></ul><p>Instead of a glide, there is a break. A pause. A separation.</p><p>This distinction matters.</p><blockquote><p>In a <strong>diphthong</strong>, the voice glides from one vowel to the next.<br>In a <strong>hiato</strong>, it comes to a stop after one vowel.</p></blockquote><p>The sounds we reach for in moments of reaction&#8212;<em>ay, uy, ew, ow</em>&#8212;don&#8217;t pause. They move quickly, fluidly, almost involuntarily.</p><p>That fluidity is part of their expressive power.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>METAlinguistic Tactic #15 <br></strong>Play with your Diphthongs</h2><p><strong>English</strong><br>Consider a few diphthongs and ask, can different sounds be formed from this same combination of vowels? </p><p><strong>&#8220;Ow!&#8221;</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>cow, brown, town</em></p></li></ul><p><strong>&#8220;Oh!&#8221;</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>low, show, grow</em></p></li></ul><p><em>The same spelling can signal two entirely different mouth movements.</em></p><p><strong>Spanish</strong> <br>Consider the vowel type and order, then listen for the shift. </p><ul><li><p><strong>Strong vowels (vocales fuertes):</strong> a, e, o</p></li><li><p><strong>Weak vowels (vocales d&#233;biles):</strong> i, u</p></li><li><p>A diphthong forms when they stay in<strong> the same syllable</strong></p></li></ul><p><strong>Strong</strong> &#8594; <strong>Weak Vowel<br></strong>These tend to feel like they <em>open and then glide:</em> </p><ul><li><p><strong>ai</strong> &#8594; <em>aire, bailar, caigo</em></p></li><li><p><strong>ei</strong> &#8594; <em>reina, aceite, peinar</em></p></li><li><p><strong>oi</strong> &#8594; <em>oigo, heroico</em></p></li><li><p><strong>au</strong> &#8594; <em>causa, aula, pausa</em></p></li><li><p><strong>eu</strong> &#8594; <em>Europa, deuda</em></p></li></ul><p><em>The sound begins open and resolves quickly&#8212;like a thought landing.</em></p><p><strong>Weak</strong> &#8594; <strong>Strong Vowel<br></strong>These feel like they <em>gather and then release</em>: </p><ul><li><p><strong>ia</strong> &#8594; <em>magia, familia, viaje</em></p></li><li><p><strong>ie</strong> &#8594; <em>bien, tiempo, sierra</em></p></li><li><p><strong>io</strong> &#8594; <em>dio, canci&#243;n, limpio</em></p></li><li><p><strong>ua</strong> &#8594; <em>cuatro, cuando, agua</em></p></li><li><p><strong>ue</strong> &#8594; <em>puerta, bueno, fuego</em></p></li><li><p><strong>uo</strong> &#8594; <em>cuota, antiguo</em></p></li></ul><p><em>The sound starts tighter and opens&#8212;like something unfolding.</em></p><p>Spanish diphthongs show you where the sound will go.<br>English asks you to remember where it&#8217;s been.</p><div><hr></div><p>For bilingual and multilingual learners, these patterns offer something powerful: a point of connection.</p><p>Even when vocabulary differs, even when spelling systems diverge, the <em>function</em> of these types of sounds often aligns.</p><p><em>Because language is not only something we decode.<br>It&#8217;s something we feel.</em></p><h1>Diptongos: El sonido que sentimos</h1><p>De ni&#241;a, recuerdo que la gente se comunicaba conmigo con r&#225;fagas de una sola s&#237;laba: <em>ay</em>, si hab&#237;a frustrado a un adulto; <em>ei</em>, si un primo sent&#237;a que estaba siendo injusta; y <em>ui</em>, aquella vez que pis&#233; pop&#243; de perro en el parque.<br><br>Estos breves deslizamientos vocales se llaman diptongos (<em>diphthongs</em>, en ingl&#233;s) y pueden usarse coloquialmente para expresar reacciones.</p><p>Formados por dos vocales, como todos los sonidos voc&#225;licos, el aire sale de la boca sin obstrucci&#243;n de la lengua, los labios o la garganta, pero lo que los distingue es el deslizamiento: ya sea en ingl&#233;s o en espa&#241;ol, escuchamos el mismo fen&#243;meno: la voz se desliza de una vocal a la siguiente. La <em>Y</em>, que alterna entre consonante y vocal, tambi&#233;n puede emparejarse con una vocal para formar un diptongo tanto en ingl&#233;s como en espa&#241;ol, al igual que la <em>W</em> y <em>H</em> en ingl&#233;s.<br><br>Estos pares de sonidos deslizantes pueden emitirse para mostrar emoci&#243;n, por ejemplo:<br><br>Cuando mi hermana retrocede y dice: <em>&#171;ew&#187;</em></p><p>Cada vez que mi abuela hace una mueca y dice: &#171;&#161;uy!&#187;</p><p>Al encontrarme con el asfalto junto con mi bici: &#171;ow&#187; </p><p>Aquella vez que olvid&#233; a&#241;adir agua <em>fr&#237;a</em> a la pecera: &#171;&#161;ay!&#187;</p><h2><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; es realmente un diptongo?</strong></h2><p>Un diptongo se define a menudo como dos vocales juntas. Pero esa definici&#243;n no captura del todo lo que est&#225; ocurriendo.<br><br>Una forma m&#225;s precisa de pensarlo:<br><em>Un diptongo es una sola s&#237;laba en la que la voz se desliza entre dos sonidos voc&#225;licos.</em><br><br>Una s&#237;laba. Dos vocales. Un foco de atenci&#243;n que viaja de un sonido al otro.<br><br>Al expresar sorpresa con <strong>&#171;ay&#187;,</strong> en espa&#241;ol, la mand&#237;bula se abre hacia la /a/ y se contrae hacia la /i/.<br>Al arrugar la nariz y decir <strong>&#171;ew&#187;</strong> en ingl&#233;s, los labios se estiran y luego se fruncen.<br>Despu&#233;s de golpearte el dedo del pie y gritar <strong>&#171;ow&#187;</strong> en ingl&#233;s, la boca se abre de par en par y luego se redondea.<br><br>Est&#225;n moldeados por c&#243;mo se mueve la boca, c&#243;mo fluye el aliento, pero tambi&#233;n con qu&#233; rapidez puede producirse el sonido en un momento de reacci&#243;n: dolor, asco, sorpresa, duda.<br><br>Son f&#237;sicos, casi reflejos. Los sientes tanto como los escuchas.<br><br>Y permiten <strong>la inmediatez</strong>, comenzando y resolvi&#233;ndose en una sola s&#237;laba. No son est&#225;ticos, sino que est&#225;n en movimiento. Ese movimiento refleja el cambio emocional que expresan.<br><br><em>Una respuesta humana compartida codificada en sonido, cada una con una historia ling&#252;&#237;stica diferente.</em></p><h2><strong>Espa&#241;ol: La estructura detr&#225;s del sonido</strong></h2><p>En espa&#241;ol, los diptongos siguen un patr&#243;n relativamente consistente.<br><br>Suelen ocurrir cuando una <strong>vocal fuerte</strong> (a, e, o) <br>se combina con una <strong>vocal d&#233;bil</strong> (i, u), <br>y <em>ambas se pronuncian </em><strong>dentro de la misma s&#237;laba</strong>.<br><br>Algunos ejemplos:</p><ul><li><p>h<strong>ay </strong>/ai/</p></li><li><p>c<strong>ui</strong>dado cui-da-do</p></li><li><p>t<strong>ie</strong>rra tie-rra</p></li></ul><p>Incluso la letra <em>Y,</em> aunque no se clasifique oficialmente como una vocal en espa&#241;ol, puede actuar como una en palabras como <em>h<strong>oy</strong></em> o <em>m<strong>uy</strong></em>.<br><br><em>As&#237; que, aunque el espa&#241;ol reconoce formalmente cinco sonidos voc&#225;licos consistentes, cuando se combinan, los sonidos se comportan de manera m&#225;s din&#225;mica.</em><br><br>Y lo que es importante: los diptongos en espa&#241;ol son predecibles. Una vez que entiendes el patr&#243;n, puedes anticipar con fiabilidad c&#243;mo sonar&#225;n. No ocurre lo mismo con el ingl&#233;s.</p><h2><strong>Ingl&#233;s: El mismo fen&#243;meno, menos previsibilidad</strong></h2><p>El ingl&#233;s tambi&#233;n depende en gran medida de los diptongos, pero con mucha menos consistencia.<br><br>Considera:<br><br>&#8221;ow&#8221; &#8594; <em>n<strong>ow</strong>, h<strong>ow</strong></em></p><p>&#8220;oh&#8221; &#8594; thr<strong>ow</strong>, <em>g<strong>o</strong>, th<strong>ough</strong>, s<strong>ew</strong></em></p><p>El mismo sonido puede escribirse de m&#250;ltiples maneras. Las mismas combinaciones de letras pueden producir sonidos diferentes.<br><br><em>Donde el espa&#241;ol ofrece un mapa estable, el ingl&#233;s ofrece m&#250;ltiples caminos.</em><br><br>Y sin embargo, a pesar de esta variabilidad, los diptongos en ingl&#233;s aparecen en los mismos tipos de momentos:<br><br> &#8220;ew&#8221;&#8218; asco<br> &#8220;ow&#8221;&#8218; dolor o empat&#237;a<br> &#8220;oh&#8221;&#8218; comprensi&#243;n o escepticismo<br><br> <em>Sistemas diferentes. El mismo instinto humano.</em></p><h2><strong>En espa&#241;ol, existe otro fen&#243;meno: el hiato.</strong></h2><p><em>Un breve contraste: Cuando el deslizamiento se rompe</em><br><br>No todo par de vocales crea este efecto.<br>Un <strong>hiato</strong> ocurre cuando dos vocales aparecen juntas pero se pronuncian en s&#237;labas separadas.<br><br>Ejemplos:<br>pa&#237;s&#8218; pa-&#237;s<br>o&#237;r&#8218; o-&#237;r<br>maestro&#8218; ma-es-tro<br><br>En lugar de un deslizamiento, hay una ruptura. Una pausa. Una separaci&#243;n.<br><br>Esta distinci&#243;n importa.<br><br>En un <strong>diptongo</strong>, la voz se desliza de una vocal a la siguiente. <br>En un <strong>hiato</strong>, se detiene despu&#233;s de la primera.<br><br>Los sonidos a los que recurrimos en momentos de reacci&#243;n, <em>ay, uy, ew, ow</em>, no hacen pausa. Se mueven r&#225;pido, con fluidez, casi involuntariamente.<br><br><em>Esa fluidez es parte de su poder expresivo.</em></p><h2><strong>T&#225;ctica METAling&#252;&#237;stica #15: <br>Juega con tus diptongos</strong></h2><p><strong>Ingl&#233;s</strong></p><p>Considera algunos diptongos y preg&#250;ntate: &#191;pueden formarse sonidos diferentes con esta misma combinaci&#243;n de vocales?</p><p><strong>&#8220;Ow!&#8221;</strong></p><ul><li><p>cow, brown, town</p></li></ul><p><strong>&#8220;Oh!&#8221;</strong></p><ul><li><p> low, show, grow</p></li></ul><ol><li><p> <em>La misma graf&#237;a puede se&#241;alar movimientos de boca completamente diferentes.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Puede haber varios diptongos que produzcan los mismos movimientos de boca.</em></p></li></ol><p><strong>&#8220;Ow!&#8221;</strong></p><ul><li><p>n<strong>ow</strong>, sh<strong>ou</strong>t</p></li></ul><p><strong>&#8220;Oh!&#8221;</strong></p><ul><li><p>th<strong>ough</strong>, gr<strong>ow</strong>, b<strong>oa</strong>t</p></li></ul><p><strong>Espa&#241;ol</strong></p><p>Considera el tipo y el orden de las vocales, luego escucha el cambio.</p><p><em>Suelen ocurrir cuando una vocal fuerte (a, e, o) se combina con una vocal d&#233;bil (i,u), y se forma cuando permanecen en la misma s&#237;laba.</em><br><br><strong>Vocales fuertes</strong>: a, e, o<br><strong>Vocales d&#233;biles</strong>: i, u<br>Un diptongo se cuando <strong>ambas vocales se encuentran en la misma s&#237;laba</strong>.<br><br><strong>Vocal fuerte</strong> &#8594; <strong>Vocale deb&#237;l<br></strong>Estos tienden a sentirse como si se abrieran y luego se deslizaran:</p><ul><li><p><strong>ai:</strong> aire, bailar, caigo</p></li><li><p><strong>ei</strong>: reina, aceite, peinar</p></li><li><p> <strong>oi</strong>: oigo, </p></li><li><p> <strong>au</strong>: causa, aula, pausa</p></li><li><p><strong>eu:</strong> Europa, deuda</p></li></ul><p><em>El sonido comienza abierto y se resuelve r&#225;pidamente, como un pensamiento que aterriza.</em><br><br><strong>Vocal deb&#237;l</strong> &#8594; <strong>Vocale fuerte</strong><br>Estos se sienten como si se reunieran y luego se liberaran:</p><ul><li><p><strong>ia</strong>: familia, piano, hacia</p></li><li><p><strong>ie</strong>: bien, tiempo, sierra</p></li><li><p><strong>io</strong>: dio, canci&#243;n, limpio</p></li><li><p><strong>ua</strong>: cuatro, cuando, agua</p></li><li><p><strong>ue</strong>: puerta, bueno, fuego</p></li><li><p><strong>uo</strong>: cuota, antiguo</p></li></ul><p><em>El sonido comienza m&#225;s cerrado y se abre, como algo que se despliega.</em><br><br><em>Los diptongos en espa&#241;ol te muestran hacia d&#243;nde ir&#225; el sonido. <br>El ingl&#233;s te pide que recuerdes de d&#243;nde vino.</em></p><div><hr></div><p>Para los aprendices biling&#252;es y multiling&#252;es, estos patrones ofrecen algo poderoso: un punto de conexi&#243;n.<br><br>Incluso cuando el vocabulario difiere, incluso cuando los sistemas ortogr&#225;ficos divergen, la funci&#243;n de estos tipos de sonidos a menudo se alinea.</p><p><em>Porque el lenguaje no es solo algo que desciframos. <br>Es algo que sentimos.</em><br></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/diphthongs-the-sounds-we-feel/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/diphthongs-the-sounds-we-feel/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2></h2>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Tiny Bits of Meaning]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/tiny-bits-of-meaning</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/tiny-bits-of-meaning</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 12 Apr 2026 01:04:46 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rZuO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd314f53-3386-4556-87e5-da56a5df55c7_2736x1824.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rZuO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcd314f53-3386-4556-87e5-da56a5df55c7_2736x1824.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@lunarts?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Volodymyr Hryshchenko</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/three-crumpled-yellow-papers-on-green-surface-surrounded-by-yellow-lined-papers-V5vqWC9gyEU?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></p><p>I was doing class visits in Denver. The district was in its first year of implementing our science curriculum, and I had been visiting classrooms, supporting teachers and students navigate the new material together.<br><br>I walked over to a table where four girls were tasked with discussing the observable traits of bedbugs. Each had a repulsed look on their faces, staring at an enlarged image on the classroom screen. One girl was trying to address her classmates, but having a hard time finding the words in English. Her face carried that particular frustration I&#8217;ve seen many times: the ideas are right there, fully formed, but the language they need to travel through feels more like barricade.<br><br>&#8220;Puedes dec&#237;rselo en espa&#241;ol,&#8221; I suggested she use her dominant language.<br><br>She raised both arms in a Y shape, leaned back and exhaled, &#8220;Gracias a Dios.&#8221;<br><br>Then she explained to her classmates that bedbugs <em>reproducen muy r&#225;pido</em>. Then her eyes moved from her classmates to the vocabulary chart posted on the wall. &#8220;Re-pro-duc-chon,&#8221; she read aloud. And right then, I saw it. That look teachers live for. <em>The aha moment. </em></p><p>She already knew this word. She&#8217;d known it for years.<br><br>She just didn&#8217;t know she knew it.</p><h2>Meaning as Small as a Bedbug</h2><p><em>Reproducci&#243;n</em>. Reproduction. Same word. Same tiny bits of meaning. Those pieces have a name: <strong>morphemes</strong>. They&#8217;re the smallest units of meaning in any language. You can&#8217;t break them down any further without meaning crumbling apart.<br><br>They work like LEGO bricks. Each brick is simple and conveys meaning on its own, and when you snap them together, you build something complex.</p><p><em>Reproducci&#243;n</em> is built from four bricks:</p><p><strong>Re-</strong> means <em>again</em>. You&#8217;ve seen this one a hundred times. <em>Rehacer</em>, redo. <em>Regresar</em>, return. Once you see it, you can&#8217;t unsee it.<br><br><strong>Pro-</strong> means <em>forward</em>. <em>Progreso</em>, progress. <em>Promover</em>, promote.<br><br><strong>-duc</strong>- comes from the Latin <em>ducere</em>, (to lead) and sits at the heart of many words like <em>Conducir</em>, conduct. <em>Producir</em>, produce. This root is the engine of the word. Everything else helps to steer it.<br><br><em><strong>-Ci&#243;n</strong></em><strong> </strong>/ <strong>-tion</strong> turns an action into a concept. <em>Educaci&#243;n</em>, education. <em>Informaci&#243;n</em>, information. <strong>This single suffix connects thousands of words across both languages.</strong><em><br></em></p><p>Four bricks. Snap them together and you don&#8217;t just get four meanings. You get <em>reproduction</em>. The word becomes bigger than its individual pieces.<br><br>The girl in Denver didn&#8217;t learn four new things that day. She recognized four things she already had.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>Morphemes that Traveled the World</h2><p>Some of these small bits of meaning have traveled extraordinary distances.<br><br><strong>Latin morphemes</strong> abound in English and Spanish. Prefixes like <strong>pre-</strong> (before), <strong>im-</strong> (not), <strong>dis-</strong> (apart), and <strong>sub-</strong> (under) work almost identically in both languages.</p><p><em>Imposible</em>, impossible. <em>Submarino</em>, submarine. <em>Dissecionar</em>, dissect. A Spanish speaker encountering these words in English isn&#8217;t learning new prefixes. They&#8217;re recognizing familiar ones in a new setting.<br><br><strong>Greek morphemes</strong> gave both English and Spanish the vocabulary of science. <strong>Tele-</strong> (far) lives inside <em>telescopio</em> and telescope. <strong>Bio-</strong> (life) forms biolog&#237;a and biology. <strong>Micro-</strong> (small) built <em>microscopio</em> and microscope. A large portion of English academic vocabulary&#8212;an estimated at 60-75 percent&#8212;comes from Latin and Greek roots. For Spanish speakers, the meaning of these words are often transparent because Spanish held onto its Latin foundation more directly than English did.<br><br><strong>And then there&#8217;s Arabic.</strong><br><br>For nearly 800 years, Arabic was spoken across the Iberian Peninsula. Arabic didn&#8217;t just coexist with the Romance languages developing there. Small bits of Arabic became a part of the language. The Arabic definite article <strong>al-</strong> embedded itself into Spanish words so deeply that most speakers don&#8217;t even hear it anymore.<br><br><em>Algod&#243;n</em> carries <strong>al-</strong> from the Arabic <em>al-qu-tun</em>. English borrowed the same word but often lost the article along the way: cotton. <em>Az&#250;car</em> (sugar) comes from <em>al-sukkar.</em> Again, English took the word and left the <strong>al-</strong> behind: sugar. But both languages kept <strong>al-</strong> in algebra (from <em>al-jabr</em>, meaning &#8220;reunion of broken parts&#8221;), as well as <em>algoritmo </em>and<em> </em>algorithm, a transliteration and homage to Persian mathematician <strong>al-Khw&#257;rizm&#299;</strong>.<br><br>One syllable. A tiny bit of meaning that tells the story of conquest, trade, and eight centuries of cultural contact.</p><p>A morpheme hiding in plain sight inside words we use every day without knowing we&#8217;re speaking a little Arabic.</p><h2>Morphemes are Small but Mighty</h2><p>It is un-fortun-ate that in many language classrooms, we don&#8217;t elevate morphological awareness. <em>Des-afortun-ado</em>, you might say.<br><br>Think about how many doors that could unlock.</p><p><em><strong>des-</strong></em>/ <strong>un- </strong>(not), <em><strong>afortun-</strong></em>/<strong> fortun-</strong> (fortune, luck), <strong>-ado </strong>/<strong>-ate</strong> (the condition of).</p><p>Two words. Two languages. </p><p>Same building blocks with a shared history. If you speak one of these languages, you already have an entry point to the second.</p><p>Dr. Elsa C&#225;rdenas-Hagan, a bilingual speech-language pathologist in Brownsville, Texas, has spent decades studying how multilingual students learn to read. Her research shows that morphology isn&#8217;t just a vocabulary tool. It <strong>builds cognitive connections</strong> between words, supports spelling, and is especially powerful for students who already carry multisyllabic, Latin-based words in their home language. When a Spanish-speaking student encounters &#8220;transformation&#8221; in English, they don&#8217;t start from zero. They bring <em>transformaci&#243;n</em> with them, and every shared morpheme (<strong>trans-</strong>, <strong>form-</strong>, <em><strong>-aci&#243;n</strong></em>/ <strong>-ation</strong>) is an open doorway to meaning.<br><br>Researchers Michael Kieffer at NYU and Nonie Lesaux at Harvard confirmed this in a longitudinal study that followed Spanish-speaking students from fourth through fifth grade. What they found was striking: <strong>morphological awareness transfers across languages.</strong> Students who understood how words break apart in Spanish carried that knowledge into English. The skill wasn&#8217;t language-specific. It was a way of seeing into language.<br><br>The girl in Denver already had that way of seeing. She just needed someone to name it.</p><p><strong>-cida</strong> in Spanish means killer: <em>insecticida, homicida, fungicida</em>. That same morpheme in English? <strong>-cide</strong>: insecticide, homicide, fungicide. Both come from the Latin <em>caedere</em>, to cut or kill. One brick. Six words. Two languages.<br><br>Teachers see this in classrooms every day: the skill transfers. A student who learns to break words apart in one language will instinctively do it in the other. Morphological awareness is a way of analyzing words, of trusting that the units inside carry meaning that you can find if you look.</p><h2>S&#225;bado School Shout Outs</h2><p><strong>Dra. Elsa C&#225;rdenas-Hagan&#8217;s </strong>decades of work with multilingual students in Brownsville, Texas, reminds us that the bridges between languages are already built into the words themselves. Her book <em><a href="https://www.colorincolorado.org/book/literacy-foundations-english-learners">Literacy Foundations for English Learners</a></em> belongs on every bilingual educator&#8217;s shelf.</p><p><strong>Dr. Michael Kieffer at NYU and Dr. Nonie Lesaux at Harvard</strong> conducted <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11145-007-9092-8">longitudinal research with Spanish-speaking students</a> that proved what bilingual learners already feel: when you know how to break words apart in one language, you carry that skill into the next. </p><p><strong>To the astute student in Denver </strong>who threw her arms up and exhaled <em>Gracias a Dios</em> before explaining bedbugs to her classmates in two languages at once: you already had everything you needed. I hope you&#8217;re still snapping those bricks together.</p><h2>METAlinguistic Tactic #14<br>Break it Down to Build it Up</h2><p>This week, try this with any new word you encounter in English or Spanish. Before you type it into a translation app, try to pull the word apart. </p><p>Look for the prefix, the root, the suffix. Ask yourself: have I seen any of these pieces before in either language?<br><br>You&#8217;ll be surprised how often the answer is yes.</p><div><hr></div><p>The girl in Denver didn&#8217;t need a dictionary. She needed an invitation to use what she already knew. And once she saw that <em>reproducci&#243;n</em> and reproduction were built from the same four bricks, she didn&#8217;t just learn one word. </p><p>She learned a way of seeing every word.<br><br>Small fragments of meaning that build entire worlds.</p><h1><strong>Pedacitos de significado</strong></h1><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png" width="2138" height="1824" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XvXx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f8c2e5e-5203-457a-8aad-07d2c3991f09_2138x1824.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;">Photo de <a href="https://unsplash.com/@javotrueba?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">javier trueba</a> en <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/woman-carrying-white-and-green-textbook-iQPr1XkF5F0?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a><br></p><p>Estaba haciendo visitas a escuelas en Denver. El distrito estaba en su primer a&#241;o implementando nuestro curr&#237;culo de ciencias, y yo hab&#237;a pasado toda la semana visitando salones, observando c&#243;mo maestros y estudiantes navegaban material nuevo juntos.<br><br>Me acerqu&#233; a una mesa donde cuatro ni&#241;as ten&#237;an como tarea discutir las caracter&#237;sticas observables de las chinches de cama. Todas ten&#237;an cara de asco, mirando fijamente una imagen ampliada en la pantalla del sal&#243;n. Una de ellas estaba tratando de explicarle algo a sus compa&#241;eras, pero no encontraba las palabras en ingl&#233;s. Su cara cargaba esa frustraci&#243;n particular que he visto muchas veces: las ideas est&#225;n ah&#237;, completamente formadas, pero el idioma por el que tienen que viajar se siente m&#225;s como una barricada.<br><br>&#8220;Puedes dec&#237;rselo en espa&#241;ol,&#8221; le dije, sugiri&#233;ndole que usara su idioma dominante.<br><br>Levant&#243; los dos brazos, se recost&#243; hacia atr&#225;s y exhal&#243;: &#8220;Gracias a Dios.&#8221;<br><br>Entonces le explic&#243; a sus compa&#241;eras que el problema con las chinches era que &#171;reproducen muy r&#225;pido&#187;. Sus ojos se movieron de sus compa&#241;eras al cartel de vocabulario en la pared. &#8220;<em>Re-pro-duc-ch&#243;n</em>,&#8221; ley&#243; en voz alta, descifr&#225;ndolo con cuidado. Y justo ah&#237;, lo vi. Esa mirada por la que viven los maestros. <strong>El momento aj&#225;</strong>. Ya conoc&#237;a esta palabra. La hab&#237;a conocido por a&#241;os.<br><br>Solo que no sab&#237;a que la sab&#237;a.</p><h2><strong>Significado tan peque&#241;o como una chinche</strong></h2><p>Reproducci&#243;n. <em>Reproduction</em>. La misma palabra. Los mismos pedacitos de significado. Esas piezas tienen nombre: <strong>morfemas</strong>. Son las unidades de significado m&#225;s peque&#241;as en cualquier idioma. No se pueden romper en partes m&#225;s peque&#241;as sin que el significado se desmorone.<br><br>Funcionan como bloques de LEGO. Cada bloque es simple y carga significado por s&#237; solo, y cuando los unes, construyes algo complejo.<br><br>Reproducci&#243;n est&#225; construida con cuatro bloques:<br><br><strong>Re-</strong> significa <em>otra vez</em>. Ya conoces este. Rehacer, r<em>edo</em>. Regresar, <em>return</em>. Una vez que lo ves, no puedes dejar de verlo.<br><br><strong>Pro-</strong> significa <em>hacia adelante</em>. Progreso, <em>progress</em>. Promover, <em>promote</em>.<br><br><strong>-duc-</strong> viene del lat&#237;n <em>ducere</em>, significa <em>guiar</em>, y se encuentra en el coraz&#243;n de muchas palabras como conducir, <em>conduct</em>. Producir, <em>produce</em>. Esta ra&#237;z es el motor de la palabra. Todo lo dem&#225;s la dirige.<br><br><strong>-Ci&#243;n </strong>/ <em><strong>-tion</strong></em><strong> </strong> convierte una acci&#243;n en concepto. Educaci&#243;n, <em>education</em>. Informaci&#243;n, <em>information</em>. <strong>Este solo sufijo conecta miles de palabras entre ambos idiomas.</strong><br><br>Cuatro bloques. &#218;nelos y no solo obtienes cuatro significados. Obtienes <em>reproduction</em>. La palabra se convierte en algo m&#225;s grande que sus piezas individuales.<br><br>La ni&#241;a en Denver no aprendi&#243; cuatro cosas nuevas ese d&#237;a. Reconoci&#243; cuatro cosas que ya ten&#237;a.</p><h2><strong>Morfemas que viajaron por el mundo</strong></h2><p>Algunos de estos pedacitos de significado han viajado distancias extraordinarias.<br><br>Los <strong>morfemas latinos</strong> abundan en espa&#241;ol e ingl&#233;s. Prefijos como <strong>pre-</strong> (antes), <strong>in-</strong>/ <strong>im-</strong> (no), <strong>dis-</strong> (aparte), y <strong>sub</strong>- (debajo) funcionan casi id&#233;nticamente en ambos idiomas. Imposible, <em>impossibl</em>e. Submarino, <em>submarine</em>. Disecar, <em>dissecionar</em> Un hispanohablante que encuentra estas palabras en ingl&#233;s no est&#225; aprendiendo prefijos nuevos. Est&#225; reconociendo los de siempre en un nuevo contexto.<br><br><em>Y aqu&#237; es donde el espa&#241;ol tiene una ventaja que pocos reconocen.</em> El espa&#241;ol evolucion&#243; directamente del lat&#237;n vulgar, el lat&#237;n cotidiano, con menos interrupciones que el ingl&#233;s. El ingl&#233;s pas&#243; por invasiones vikingas, la conquista normanda, siglos de franc&#233;s en la corte, y luego una reintroducci&#243;n del lat&#237;n acad&#233;mico. El espa&#241;ol mantuvo su estructura latina de forma m&#225;s directa. <em>Reproducci&#243;n</em> en espa&#241;ol est&#225; m&#225;s cerca del lat&#237;n <em>reproductio</em> que el ingl&#233;s reproduction, que lleg&#243; filtrado a trav&#233;s del franc&#233;s. Cuando un hispanohablante se encuentra con vocabulario acad&#233;mico en ingl&#233;s, no est&#225; aprendiendo algo ajeno. Est&#225; reencontr&#225;ndose con ra&#237;ces que su propio idioma nunca solt&#243;.<br><br><strong>Los morfemas griegos</strong> le dieron a ambos idiomas el vocabulario de la ciencia. <strong>Tele-</strong> (lejos) vive dentro de telescopio y <em>telescope</em>.  <strong>Bio-</strong> (vida) est&#225; en biolog&#237;a y <em>biology</em>. <strong>Micro-</strong> (peque&#241;o) construy&#243; microscopio y <strong>microscope</strong>. Se estima que entre el 60 y 75 por ciento del vocabulario acad&#233;mico del ingl&#233;s viene de ra&#237;ces latinas y griegas. Para los hispanohablantes, el significado de estas palabras es frecuentemente transparente porque <strong>el espa&#241;ol se aferr&#243; a su fundaci&#243;n latino</strong> m&#225;s directamente que el ingl&#233;s.<br><br><strong>Y luego est&#225; el &#225;rabe.<br></strong><br>Por casi 800 a&#241;os, el &#225;rabe se habl&#243; a lo largo de la Pen&#237;nsula Ib&#233;rica. El &#225;rabe no solo coexisti&#243; con las lenguas romances que se desarrollaban ah&#237;. Pedacitos de &#225;rabe se volvieron parte del idioma. El art&#237;culo definido &#225;rabe <strong>al-</strong> se incrust&#243; en palabras del espa&#241;ol tan profundamente que la mayor&#237;a de los hablantes ya ni lo escuchan.<br><br>Algod&#243;n carga el <strong>al-</strong> del &#225;rabe <em>al-qu-tun</em>. El ingl&#233;s tom&#243; prestada la misma palabra pero a menudo perdi&#243; el art&#237;culo en el camino: <em>cotton</em>. Az&#250;car viene de <em>al-sukkar</em>. De nuevo, el ingl&#233;s tom&#243; la palabra y dej&#243; el <strong>al-</strong> atr&#225;s: <em>sugar</em>. Pero ambos idiomas conservaron el <strong>al-</strong> en algebra (del <em>al-jabr</em>, que significa &#8220;reuni&#243;n de partes rotas&#8221;), as&#237; como en algoritmo y <em>algorithm</em>, una transliteraci&#243;n y homenaje al matem&#225;tico persa <strong>al-Khw&#257;rizm&#299;.</strong><br><br>Una s&#237;laba. Un pedacito de significado que cuenta la historia de conquista, comercio y ocho siglos de contacto cultural.<br><br>Un morfema escondido a plena vista dentro de palabras que usamos todos los d&#237;as sin saber que estamos hablando un poquito de &#225;rabe.<br><br><strong>Pero no todo transfiere: la capa germ&#225;nica<br></strong><br>Ahora, una verdad que vale la pena nombrar. No todos los morfemas del ingl&#233;s son amigables para los hispanohablantes.<br><br>El ingl&#233;s tiene dos capas. La capa latina y griega, donde los hispanohablantes tienen ventaja. Pero el ingl&#233;s tambi&#233;n tiene una capa germ&#225;nica, heredada del anglosaj&#243;n, y ah&#237; es <em>donde la transferencia se detiene</em>.<br><br>Muchas palabras cotidianas del ingl&#233;s son germ&#225;nicas: <em>break, find, get, come, put, stand, run, take, give</em>. Ninguna tiene cognado en espa&#241;ol. Y lo que es peor, el ingl&#233;s las combina con part&#237;culas (<em>out, up, down, over, off</em>) para crear <em>phrasal verbs</em>: <em>break down, find out, give up, take over</em>. En espa&#241;ol, <em>descomponer</em> es una sola palabra transparente con ra&#237;z latina. El ingl&#233;s dice <em>break down</em>: dos piezas germ&#225;nicas que juntas significan algo completamente distinto a sus partes.<br><br>Si alguna vez has sentido frustraci&#243;n con estas expresiones del ingl&#233;s, puede ser porque tu cerebro est&#225; buscando la l&#243;gica latina en un lugar donde no existe. La estrategia: conf&#237;a en tu ventaja latina para el vocabulario acad&#233;mico, y con la capa germ&#225;nica, ten paciencia. <em>Hay que</em> <em>aprenderlas como se aprenden los dichos: de o&#237;do y con pr&#225;ctica.</em></p><h2><strong>Los morfemas son chiquitos pero poderosos</strong></h2><p>Otro recurso morfol&#243;gico que el ingl&#233;s no puede igualar: los diminutivos. Cuando decimos &#171;casita&#187;, no solo estamos diciendo <em>casa peque&#241;a</em>. Estamos cargando la palabra de cari&#241;o, de intimidad, de calor. Ahorita no es simplemente <em>ahora pero m&#225;s breve</em>. Es una manera cultural de medir el tiempo. <strong>-ito, -ita, -illo, -illa</strong> son morfemas afectivos, <em>piezas diminutas que cargan emoci&#243;n</em>. </p><p>Es des-afortun-ado que en muchos salones de clase de idiomas no se eleve la conciencia morfol&#243;gica. <em>Very un-fortun-ate</em>.<br><br>Piensa en cu&#225;ntas puertas al significado podr&#237;an abrirse.<br><br><strong>Des-</strong>/<strong> un-</strong> (no), <strong>afortun-</strong>/<strong> fortun-</strong> (fortuna, suerte), <strong>-ado</strong>/ <strong>-ate</strong> (la condici&#243;n de).<br><br>Dos palabras. Dos idiomas.<br><br>Los mismos bloques de construcci&#243;n con una historia compartida. Si hablas uno de estos idiomas, ya tienes un punto de entrada al segundo.<br><br>La Dra. Elsa C&#225;rdenas-Hagan, pat&#243;loga biling&#252;e del habla y lenguaje en Brownsville, Texas, ha dedicado d&#233;cadas a estudiar c&#243;mo los estudiantes multiling&#252;es aprenden a leer. Su investigaci&#243;n muestra que la morfolog&#237;a no es solo una herramienta de vocabulario. <strong>Construye conexiones cognitivas entre palabras</strong>, apoya la ortograf&#237;a, y es especialmente poderosa para estudiantes que ya cargan palabras multisil&#225;bicas de base latina en su idioma materno. Cuando un hispanohablante encuentra <em>transformation</em> en ingl&#233;s, no empieza de cero. Trae transformaci&#243;n consigo, y cada morfema compartido (<strong>trans-, form-, -aci&#243;n</strong>/<strong>-ation</strong>) es una puerta abierta al significado.<br><br>Los investigadores Michael Kieffer de NYU y Nonie Lesaux de Harvard confirmaron esto en un estudio que sigui&#243; a estudiantes hispanohablantes de cuarto a quinto grado. Lo que encontraron fue revelador: <em>la conciencia morfol&#243;gica transfiere entre idiomas</em>. Los estudiantes que entend&#237;an c&#243;mo descomponer palabras en espa&#241;ol llevaban ese conocimiento al ingl&#233;s. La habilidad no era espec&#237;fica de un idioma. Era una manera de ver dentro del lenguaje.<br><br>La ni&#241;a en Denver ya ten&#237;a esa manera de ver. Solo necesitaba a alguien que le pusiera nombre.<br><br><strong>-cida</strong> en espa&#241;ol significa <em>el que mata</em>: insecticida, homicida, fungicida. Ese mismo morfema en ingl&#233;s? <strong>-cide</strong>: <em>insecticide, homicide, fungicide</em>. Ambos vienen del lat&#237;n <em>caedere</em>, cortar o matar. Un bloque. Seis palabras. Dos idiomas.<br><br>Los maestros ven esto en los salones todos los d&#237;as: esta habilidad transfiere. Un estudiante que aprende a descomponer palabras en un idioma lo har&#225; instintivamente en el otro. La conciencia morfol&#243;gica es una manera de disecar las palabras, de confiar en que las piezas dentro de ellas cargan significado que puedes encontrar si buscas.</p><h2>T&#225;ctica METAling&#252;&#237;stica #14<br>Des&#225;rmalo para armarlo</h2><p>Esta semana, int&#233;ntalo con cualquier palabra nueva que encuentres en ingl&#233;s o espa&#241;ol. Antes de meterla en una aplicaci&#243;n de traducci&#243;n, intenta descomponer la palabra.<br><br>Busca el prefijo, la ra&#237;z, el sufijo. Preg&#250;ntate: &#191;he visto alguna de estas piezas antes? &#191;En cualquiera de los dos idiomas?<br><br>Te sorprender&#225; cu&#225;ntas veces la respuesta es s&#237;.<br><br>La ni&#241;a en Denver no necesitaba una aplicaci&#243;n para traducir. Necesitaba una invitaci&#243;n a usar lo que ya sab&#237;a. Y una vez que vio que reproducci&#243;n y <em>reproduction</em> estaban construidas con los mismos cuatro bloques, no solo aprendi&#243; una palabra. </p><p>Aprendi&#243; una manera de ver cada palabra.<br><br>Peque&#241;os pedazos de significado que construyen mundos enteros.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/tiny-bits-of-meaning/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/tiny-bits-of-meaning/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2></h2>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Relearning the ABC's ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/relearning-the-abcs</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/relearning-the-abcs</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 03:02:25 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G5lA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F759ba2e4-8b31-481a-9064-b48a299c4ac9_1152x2048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>                                                   Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@impulshiva?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Shiva</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-man-looking-at-a-woman-_JabuJXgHBg?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><em>Spanish is a mirror. English is more like a prism. </em></p><p>During the Covid-19 quarantine, my job description expanded to meet the needs of our nation&#8217;s educators. Many had never used Zoom or Google Meets to teach or collaborate. Parents wanted to help their children and needed resources to do so.<br><br>When the request came for Spanish speakers to create audio recordings of science texts for students to listen to at home, I eagerly raised my hand. I wanted to help the <em>hispanohablante</em> community in the US, often underrepresented in the STEM fields.<br><br>When I listened to those recordings, I sucked in air between my clenched teeth. It didn&#8217;t matter if I was reading aloud books about the water cycle or inherited traits, I firmly placed my teeth upon my bottom lip to pronounce the letter V as I would in English. The problem? <strong>In Spanish, the letter V makes the sound of the letter B. </strong><em>Volc&#225;n, vapor, velocidad, variaci&#243;n, virus</em>. Every V was wrong. I knew the rule somewhere in my body. In conversation, I&#8217;d say &#171;ven&#237; a ver&#187; with the <em>b </em>sound without even thinking. But reading, something I learned to do first in English, had imprinted a visual sound system that was hard to abandon when switching to Spanish.<br><br><em>Both languages use the same Roman alphabet.</em> So why do they sound so different?</p><div><hr></div><p>The answer lives in history. Two histories, actually, as different as pastelito de guayaba and apple pie. <br><br>Spanish took the route toward clarity. As it evolved from Latin, its sound system settled into something remarkably consistent, especially its vowels: five letters, five <em>reliable</em> sounds. When the <strong>Real Academia Espa&#241;ola</strong> finally got around to standardizing spelling, pronunciation had already done most of the work. Instead of freezing old forms of the language, the <strong>RAE</strong> aligned the writing system with how people actually spoke. That&#8217;s why Spanish feels so intuitive to read. What you see is what you say. <br><br>Along the way, Spanish picked up some iconic marks. The &#241; was born because medieval monks were trying to save parchment. Instead of writing <em>nn</em> they scribbled one <em>n</em> with a tiny <em>n</em> on top, which eventually became the tilde. &#209;, that character endemic to the Spanish language, emerged as a cost-cutting measure.<br><br>But even with all the consistency, variation lives across Spain and Latin America. In parts of Argentina, the <em>ll</em> in <em>lluvia </em>and the <em>y</em> in <em>yema</em>, sound closer to <em>sh.</em> In Spain, the <em>z</em> in <em>Zapata</em> takes on a <em>th</em> sound you won&#8217;t hear in Mexico City. But the vowels? Stable everywhere. A word like <em>casa </em>sounds recognizably the same whether you&#8217;re in Tegucigalpa or Quito.</p><p>In Spanish, a change in a letter sound often tells a story. <br>About where the tongue has traveled.  <br>And what other languages it met there.</p><p>English took a different path entirely.<br><br>Hundreds of years ago, English words were pronounced much closer to how they were spelled. <em>Time</em> sounded something like <em>tee-muh</em>, and <em>house</em> like <em>hoos.</em> </p><p>In the 1300s, the Black Death reshaped life across England. Entire communities were lost. Those who survived moved&#8212;leaving villages, seeking work, rebuilding their lives in new regions. And as we know, when people move, they bring their language with them. Dialects that had once been separate began to mix.</p><p>As these diverse communities came into contact, pronunciation started to shift.</p><p>Some vowel sounds, once long and steady, began to rise and reshape themselves. This happened across the language over centuries and is known as the <strong>Great Vowel Shift</strong>.</p><p>Just as English pronunciation was changing, a new technology arrived: William Caxton brought the printing press to England. Printers needed consistency to lock spellings on the page, but speech kept evolving. </p><p>And the result is the English we know today: a language where spelling preserves the past while pronunciation lives in the present. That&#8217;s why one vowel can carry many sounds. The /u/ sound, as in <em>blue</em>, also appears in<em> blew, shoe, two, through, you, fruit, group</em>.<br><br>One sound. Many ways to arrive there. Which is why reading in English often feels like a game of memory&#8212;matching spelling to a set of possibilities, rather than simply decoding what&#8217;s on the page.<br><br>Then layer on cultural variation and regional variation. From African American Vernacular English to Southern American English, consonants slip away, and vowels lengthen and glide; <em>speaking</em> becomes <em>speakin</em>&#8217; and <em>time</em> can sound like <em>tahm</em>. <strong>These aren&#8217;t deviations.</strong> They&#8217;re English, each carrying history and culture in its sound system, just as every variety of Spanish does.</p><h2>Tactic #13: Study the Sound Systems Side by Side</h2><p>Think of it this way:<br><br><strong>Spanish is a mirror</strong> <br>One letter, one sound. What you see is what you say. <br><br><strong>English is a prism</strong> <br>One letter refracts into many possible sounds, and context is the only thing that tells you which one to use. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png" width="800" height="520" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:520,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:187803,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/i/193086834?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rse4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b718e6-82e9-44a3-89e8-f30c4d73181e_800x520.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>English maps roughly fifteen vowel sounds onto five letters. Spanish maps five sounds onto those same five letters. Same alphabet, radically different levels of transparency.<br><br>But the consonants? Sounds like /m/, /n/, /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /s/, and /l/ work almost identically in both languages. </p><p><em>Those are your bridges.</em> </p><p>If you speak either one of these languages, you already carry sounds that work in the other. <strong>You know more than you think.</strong><br><br>Start with the shared sounds. Build confidence there. Then stretch toward the unfamiliar ones, gently, without judgment.</p><div><hr></div><p>Now, when I read <em>volc&#225;n</em> or <em>verdad</em>, I slow down. I let my lips come together. I let the sound land where it belongs. Maybe not perfectly, but with intention.<br><br>And somewhere between the <em>b</em> and the <em>v</em>, between what I saw on the page and what came out of my mouth, I got curious and learned something: language has its own story. So do you. <br><br>By understanding what your mouth has learned, you can gently teach it something new.<br><br>One sound at a time.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png" width="1456" height="2038" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IgOx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0bd483d5-8de1-43ee-b3a7-86460b4afc16_1925x2694.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>                                         Foto de <a href="https://unsplash.com/@bappps?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Braxton Apana</a> en <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-white-box-with-rainbow-light-VuNNRTFdrME?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h1>El mismo alfabeto, otra canci&#243;n.</h1><p><em>El espa&#241;ol es un espejo. El ingl&#233;s es un prisma.</em> </p><p>Durante la cuarentena del Covid-19, mi rol laboral se expandi&#243; para apoyar a los educadores de nuestra naci&#243;n. Muchos nunca hab&#237;an usado Zoom o Google Meets para ense&#241;ar o colaborar. Los padres quer&#237;an ayudar a sus hijos y necesitaban recursos para hacerlo.<br><br>Cuando lleg&#243; la solicitud de que hispanohablantes grab&#225;ramos textos de ciencias para que los estudiantes escucharan en casa, levant&#233; la mano sin pensarlo. Quer&#237;a apoyar a nuestra comunidad, hist&#243;ricamente sub-representada en los campos STEM en Estados Unidos.<br><br>Cuando escuch&#233; esas grabaciones, apret&#233; los dientes y aspir&#233; aire entre ellos. No importaba si estaba leyendo sobre los volcanes o el ciclo del agua. Firmemente coloqu&#233; mis dientes sobre mi labio inferior para pronunciar la letra V como lo har&#237;a en ingl&#233;s. El problema? En espa&#241;ol, la V suena como B. Volc&#225;n, vapor, velocidad, variaci&#243;n, virus. Cada V estaba mal. Yo conoc&#237;a la regla en alg&#250;n lugar de mi cuerpo. En conversaci&#243;n, dec&#237;a &#171;ven&#237; a ver&#187; con el sonido de la /b/ sin siquiera pensarlo. Pero leyendo, algo que aprend&#237; a hacer primero en ingl&#233;s, me hab&#237;a impreso un sistema visual de sonidos dif&#237;cil de abandonar al cambiar al espa&#241;ol.<br><br>Y ah&#237; est&#225; la cosa: el ingl&#233;s y el espa&#241;ol usan el mismo alfabeto romano. Entonces, &#191;por qu&#233; suenan tan diferente?<br><br>La respuesta vive en la historia. Dos historias, en realidad, tan distintas como un <em>pastelito de guayaba </em>y un <em>apple pie</em>.</p><div><hr></div><p>El espa&#241;ol tom&#243; el camino hacia la claridad. Al evolucionar del lat&#237;n, su sistema de sonidos se asent&#243; en algo notablemente consistente, especialmente sus vocales: cinco letras, cinco sonidos confiables. Cuando la <em>Real Academia Espa&#241;ola</em> por fin se puso a estandarizar la ortograf&#237;a, la pronunciaci&#243;n ya hab&#237;a hecho la mayor parte del trabajo. En vez de congelar formas antiguas, la RAE aline&#243; la escritura con la manera en que la gente realmente hablaba. Por eso el espa&#241;ol se siente tan intuitivo al leer en voz alta. Lo que ves es lo que dices.<br><br>En el camino, el espa&#241;ol recogi&#243; marcas ic&#243;nicas. La &#241; naci&#243; porque los monjes medievales quer&#237;an ahorrar pergamino. En vez de escribir &#8220;nn,&#8221; garabatearon una &#8220;n&#8221; con una peque&#241;a &#8220;n&#8221; encima, que eventualmente se convirti&#243; en la <em>tilde</em>. Esa letra que solo le pertenece al espa&#241;ol surgi&#243; como una medida de ahorro.<br><br>Pero incluso dentro de toda esa consistencia, la variaci&#243;n vive. En partes de Argentina, la <em>ll</em> de <em>lluvia</em> y la <em>y</em> de <em>yem</em>a suenan m&#225;s cercanas a <em>sh</em>. En Espa&#241;a, la <em>Z</em> de <em>Zapata</em> toma un sonido de <em>th</em> que no vas a escuchar en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico. En el Caribe, <em>amor</em> puede convertirse en <em>amol</em>, un intercambio entre la /r/ y la /l/ que viaj&#243; desde Andaluc&#237;a y las Islas Canarias, y que en el Caribe encontr&#243; nuevas formas de sonar. Pero las vocales? Estables en todas partes. Una palabra como <em>casa</em> suena reconociblemente igual ya sea que est&#233;s en Tegucigalpa o en Quito.<br><br>En espa&#241;ol, un cambio en el sonido de una letra cuenta una historia. Sobre d&#243;nde ha viajado la lengua y qu&#233; otros idiomas encontr&#243; all&#237;.</p><div><hr></div><p>El ingl&#233;s tom&#243; un camino completamente distinto.<br><br>Hace cientos de a&#241;os, las palabras en ingl&#233;s se pronunciaban mucho m&#225;s cerca de c&#243;mo se escrib&#237;an. <em>Time</em> sonaba algo como <em>ti-me</em> y <em>hous</em>e como <em>hus</em>.<br><br>En el siglo XIV, la Peste Negra transform&#243; la vida en toda Inglaterra. Comunidades enteras desaparecieron. Los sobrevivientes se mudaron, buscando trabajo, reconstruyendo sus vidas en nuevas regiones. Y como sabemos, cuando la gente se mueve, lleva su idioma consigo. Dialectos que hab&#237;an existido por separado comenzaron a mezclarse.<br><br>Al entrar en contacto estas comunidades diversas, la pronunciaci&#243;n empez&#243; a cambiar. Algunos sonidos voc&#225;licos, que hab&#237;an sido largos y estables, comenzaron a subir y transformarse. Esto sucedi&#243; a lo largo de siglos y se conoce como el <em>Great Vowel Shift</em>, el Gran Cambio Voc&#225;lico.<br><br>Justo cuando la pronunciaci&#243;n del ingl&#233;s estaba en pleno cambio, lleg&#243; una nueva tecnolog&#237;a: William Caxton trajo la imprenta a Inglaterra. Los impresores necesitaban consistencia, as&#237; que fijaron la ortograf&#237;a en la p&#225;gina. Pero el habla sigui&#243; evolucionando.<br><br>El resultado es el ingl&#233;s que conocemos hoy: un idioma donde la ortograf&#237;a conserva el pasado mientras la pronunciaci&#243;n vive en el presente. Por eso una vocal puede cargar muchos sonidos. El sonido /u/, como en <em>blue</em>, aparece tambi&#233;n en<em> blew, shoe, two, through, you, fruit, group</em>.</p><p>Un solo sonido. M&#250;ltiples caminos para llegar a &#233;l. Por eso leer en ingl&#233;s a veces se siente como un juego de memoria: emparejar la ortograf&#237;a con un conjunto de posibilidades, en vez de simplemente decodificar lo que est&#225; en la p&#225;gina.<br><br>Y despu&#233;s, la variaci&#243;n le da al ingl&#233;s otra remodelaci&#243;n. Desde el <em>African American Vernacular English</em> hasta el <em>Southern American English</em>, las consonantes se escapan y las vocales se alargan; <em>speaking</em> se convierte en <em>speakin</em>&#8216; y <em>time</em> puede sonar como <em>tahm</em>. No son desviaciones. Son ingl&#233;s, cada variedad cargando historia y cultura en su sistema de sonidos, igual que cada variedad del espa&#241;ol.<br><br>Para los que crecimos entre los dos idiomas, para los que a veces decimos <em>lonche</em> en vez de almuerzo o <em>parquear</em> en vez de estacionar, esta mezcla no es un error. Es evidencia de que nuestros cerebros est&#225;n haciendo algo extraordinario: navegando entre dos sistemas de sonidos todo el tiempo.</p><div><hr></div><h1>T&#225;ctica #13: Estudia los sistemas de sonidos lado a lado</h1><p>Pi&#233;nsalo as&#237;: el espa&#241;ol es un espejo. Una letra, un sonido. Lo que ves es lo que dices.</p><p>El ingl&#233;s es un prisma. Una letra se refracta en muchos sonidos posibles, y solo el contexto te dice cu&#225;l usar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png" width="800" height="520" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:520,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:187803,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/i/193086834?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iUVG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff893a09c-055e-4d47-8d6c-76fc560123d4_800x520.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El ingl&#233;s representa aproximadamente quince sonidos voc&#225;licos en cinco letras.</p><p>El espa&#241;ol representa cinco sonidos en esas mismas cinco letras. El mismo alfabeto, niveles de trasparencia radicalmente distintos.<br><br>Pero las consonantes? Sonidos como /m/, /n/, /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /s/ y /l/ funcionan casi id&#233;nticamente en ambos idiomas.<br><br>Esos son tus puentes.<br><br>Si hablas cualquiera de estos dos idiomas, ya llevas sonidos que funcionan en el otro. <strong>Sabes m&#225;s de lo que crees.</strong><br><br>Empieza con los sonidos compartidos. Construye confianza ah&#237;. Luego est&#237;rate hacia los que no conoces, suavemente, sin juicio.</p><div><hr></div><p>Ahora, cuando leo <em>volc&#225;n</em> o <em>verdad</em>, voy m&#225;s despacio. Dejo que mis labios se junten. Dejo que el sonido aterrice donde debe. Quiz&#225;s no perfectamente, pero con intenci&#243;n.<br><br>Y en alg&#250;n lugar entre la <em>b</em> y la <em>v</em>, entre lo que vi en la p&#225;gina y lo que sali&#243; de mi boca, me dio curiosidad y aprend&#237; algo: cada idioma tiene su propia historia. Y t&#250; tambi&#233;n. Al entender lo que tu boca ya aprendi&#243;, puedes ense&#241;arle algo nuevo con cari&#241;o.<br><br>Un sonido a la vez.<br></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/relearning-the-abcs/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/relearning-the-abcs/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h1></h1>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[I Can’t Talk, My Hands Are Tied]]></title><description><![CDATA[Este espacio vive entre lenguas. English and Spanish versions appear below.]]></description><link>https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-cant-talk-my-hands-are-tied</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-cant-talk-my-hands-are-tied</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Alestra Menéndez]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 29 Mar 2026 04:11:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Mrxk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e09a705-373c-4b51-aeb8-e3eeda1cfb55_3750x2500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@castillcc?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Cristian Castillo</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/a-little-boy-pointing-at-something-in-the-air-_O9oeXJjmmY?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></p><p>I remember the first time I watched a recording of a presentation I gave on WebEx. It&#8217;s always uncomfortable watching myself on video, but when my audio wasn&#8217;t working, I saw how expressive my face is in this silent video. Not only that, my hands never stopped moving! Muted, I looked less WebEx and more Telemundo.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"></p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Salvadorans need their hands to speak. But if a <em>salvadore&#241;a</em> needs to communicate while holding a platter with both her hands, she will just point with her lips. Or, she will raise her chin toward the door and you will know exactly what she means. Salvadorans don&#8217;t stop communicating just because their hands are busy. They just switch from talking with their mouths and hands, to talking with the rest of their bodies.</p><p>I saw my abuelita do this all the time. Chin tilted up and to the left, meant: go over there. Lips pursed and pushed forward: look at that person. Eyebrows raised with a slow nod to say, &#171;&#191;Ves? Te lo dije&#187;. &#8220;I told you so,&#8221; required no words. She didn&#8217;t need words for much of what she said. Her face was fluent.<br><br>And here is something you might not have learned in any language class: those gestures are not decoration or personality. Gestures <em>are</em> language.<br><br><strong>The Language Your Body Speaks</strong></p><p>Think about the gestures you already use. You nod for agreement, you shrug for uncertainty, you wave someone over. You lean in when a story gets good and pull back when something feels a little off. You do this without thinking. Your body has been speaking alongside your mouth since you were a toddler pointing or reaching for things before you had the words to name them.<br><br>But when you first step into a second language, something strange happens. Your body stiffens a bit. You&#8217;re so focused on getting the words right and conjugating correctly to avoid embarrassment, that you forget you have a whole other communication system available to you. Your hands may go still and you might just become<em> a talking head. </em>In your second language, you press<em> </em>mute on the physicality that makes you naturally expressive in your first language.<br> <br><strong>The Science of Speaking With Your Whole Body</strong><br><br>Every language has a physical dialect. In India there&#8217;s the head bobble, a soft, side-to-side tilt that can mean <em>yes</em>, <em>okay</em>, <em>I&#8217;m listening</em>, or <em>go on</em> depending on speed and context. No phrase book teaches it, but miss it and you&#8217;ll misread half the conversations you&#8217;re in. </p><p>In Brazil, the <em>venha c&#225;</em> hand flip with fingers together, palm down, flapping the hand downward toward yourself is used to beckon someone over, while in the US the hand facing up while flapping fingers would communicate the same thing.</p><p>In Japan, the depth of a bow carries information that words don&#8217;t: gratitude, apology, respect, rank. By not bowing at the appropriate depth and you&#8217;ve said something you didn&#8217;t mean to say. </p><p>Every one of these gestures is doing linguistic work. They carry meaning, context, and social information that the spoken words alone don&#8217;t deliver.</p><p><a href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/gestures-and-second-language-acquisition-2/">Marianne Gullberg, </a>a linguist and professor at Lund University, has spent decades studying how gesture and speech form one integrated system. Her research shows that when learners gesture while speaking, they <em>reduce their cognitive load</em>. Meaning, gesturing frees up mental space, so the words come easier and the speech flows better. Your hands aren&#8217;t just illustrating what you say; they&#8217;re helping your brain process and produce language.</p><p>Gullberg found that when someone speaks in their second language, their gestures often follow the patterns of their first language. Our body clings to our mother tongue even when our mouth is exploring new territories.<br><br><strong>A Gesture Is Worth a Thousand Words<br></strong><br>In Latin America, the body carries conversations that words alone can&#8217;t express. Consider the chin-point: you don&#8217;t see this much in the United States. But across Central America and the Caribbean, people use their chin to point toward something or someone. It&#8217;s subtle. It&#8217;s efficient. And if you&#8217;ve ever been in a room full of <em>t&#237;as</em> and watched one of them silently direct your attention to someone&#8217;s new partner using nothing but her chin and one raised eyebrow, you know it communicates more than pointing ever could.<br><br>Then there&#8217;s the<strong> </strong><em>ojo</em> tap. Tapping your index finger just below one eye. Across Latin America and Spain, it means <em>watch out</em>, <em>be careful</em>. The context shifts the meaning: a mother does it to a child across a room and it&#8217;s a warning. A friend does it while telling a story and it means <em>can you believe this?</em></p><p>And you never want to be the subject of the <em>taca&#241;o</em> elbow. If you see someone tapping their elbow with the opposite hand they are signaling someone is a cheapskate. You don&#8217;t even have to say <em>codo</em>, just tap the elbow and everyone at the table knows who you&#8217;re talking about.<br><br>You won&#8217;t find these lessons in a textbook. But they all carry meaning. When you understand that a pursed lip pointed toward the door means &#8220;put it over there,&#8221; you haven&#8217;t learned a fun fact, you&#8217;ve decoded language.</p><p><strong>Mu&#233;vete</strong><br><br>I never learned the science of talking with my hands at school. At home, Abuelita simply tucked her chin and looked at you over her glasses. That alone communicated an entire paragraph of disapproval. She knew how to talk with everything she had, and today I find myself using similar gestures in either language. Before I even saw that cringy video, I had already been called expressive, animated, and told, &#8220;my, what big eyes you have,&#8221; when speaking English.</p><p>That&#8217;s what Gullberg&#8217;s research confirms: your gestural identity runs deep. It&#8217;s tied to the culture where you first learned to communicate. And it doesn&#8217;t simply switch when you switch languages. Which means if you&#8217;re learning a new language you have to learn how to move in it too.</p><p><strong>S&#225;bado School Shout Out</strong><br><br>Marianne Gullberg is professor at Lund University. Her research on gesture and second language acquisition has shaped how we understand the body&#8217;s role in bilingual communication. Her work confirms what my abuelita taught me: language lives in the whole body, not just the mouth.<br><br><strong>METAlinguistic Tactic #12: Watch Your Body Talk</strong><br><br>This tactic is about self-observation. Before you try to borrow gestures from a new language, notice the ones you already use.<br><br>Start a conversation with someone you&#8217;re comfortable with, in your dominant language. Then pay attention. What are your hands doing? Now notice your face. Do your eyebrows punctuate what you&#8217;re saying? Do your lips do anything other than form words?<br><br>Once you see your own patterns, you have a baseline. From there, start watching speakers of your target language with the sound off. A telenovela, a YouTube interview, a soccer commentator. What are their hands doing? How does their face move? In time, you&#8217;ll start to see a language you might have overlooked.<br><br>Next, borrow one gesture. Just one. Try the chin-point next time you want to indicate something across the room. Practice the ojo warning when the moment calls for it.<br><br>You might feel silly at first. That&#8217;s the same feeling you had the first time you rolled an <em>rr</em> to say <em>perro</em> not <em>pero</em>, or used the subjunctive to say, &#171;ojal&#225; que no me est&#233;n diciendo codo&#187;. The slight discomfort means you&#8217;re learning.</p><div><hr></div><p>Your dominant language shapes how you move, what you do with your hands, what your face says when your mouth hasn&#8217;t caught up yet. Your second language is asking you to learn a new choreography.<br><br>In that muted video, there I am flapping my arms, raising my eyebrows, giving the same single-nod <em>te lo dije</em> my abuelita gave me. Spanish gestures in an English presentation. My body never switched languages.<br><br>So pay attention. Borrow the gesture. Let your body catch up to your words.<br><br>Because sometimes the most fluent thing you can do is point with your chin.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-cant-talk-my-hands-are-tied/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-cant-talk-my-hands-are-tied/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h1>&#191;Por qu&#233; los gringos sonr&#237;en sin saludar?</h1><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!amHW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F432c1bf8-3b1b-4b27-b248-64b19c7180a2_2430x1620.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Foto de <a href="https://unsplash.com/@ericmuhr?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Eric Muhr</a> en <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/womens-black-hair-xK5_4bZJy_Q?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Recuerdo la primera vez que vi la grabaci&#243;n de una presentaci&#243;n que di por WebEx. Siempre es inc&#243;modo verme en video, pero cuando mi audio no funcionaba, vi en ese video mudo lo expresiva que es mi cara. Y no solo eso: &#161;mis manos no pararon de moverse! Sin sonido, yo parec&#237;a menos WebEx y m&#225;s Telemundo.<br><br>Las salvadore&#241;as necesitamos las manos para hablar. Pero si una salvadore&#241;a necesita comunicarse mientras sostiene una bandeja con ambas manos, simplemente se&#241;ala con los labios. O levanta la barbilla hacia la puerta y t&#250; sabes exactamente lo que quiere decir. Las salvadore&#241;as no dejamos de comunicarnos solo porque tenemos las manos ocupadas. Simplemente cambiamos de canal: de hablar con la boca y las manos, a hablar con el resto del cuerpo.<br><br>Yo ve&#237;a a mi abuelita hacer esto todo el tiempo. Barbilla inclinada hacia arriba y a la izquierda: ve para all&#225;. Labios fruncidos hacia adelante: mira a esa persona. Cejas levantadas con un asentimiento lento para decir: &#171;Ves? Te lo dije&#187;. Ese gesto satisfecho no necesitaba palabras. Ella no necesitaba palabras para mucho de lo que dec&#237;a. Su cara era fluida.<br><br>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; lo que quiz&#225;s nunca te ense&#241;aron en ninguna clase de idiomas: esos gestos no son decoraci&#243;n ni personalidad. Los gestos son lenguaje.</p><h2>El lenguaje que tu cuerpo habla</h2><p>Piensa en los gestos que ya usas con fluidez en tu idioma dominante. Asientes para estar de acuerdo, te encoges de hombros ante la duda, haces se&#241;as para que alguien se acerque. Te inclinas hacia adelante cuando una historia se pone buena y te echas para atr&#225;s cuando algo no te cuadra. Lo haces sin pensar. Tu cuerpo ha estado hablando desde que eras un beb&#233; se&#241;alando o alcanzando cosas antes de tener las palabras para nombrarlas.<br><br>Pero cuando entras por primera vez a un segundo idioma, pasa algo extra&#241;o. Tu cuerpo se pone r&#237;gido. Est&#225;s tan concentrado en decir las palabras correctamente y en conjugar bien para no pasar verg&#252;enza, que se te olvida que tienes todo otro sistema de comunicaci&#243;n disponible. Tus manos se quedan quietas y te conviertes en una cabeza parlante. En tu segundo idioma, le pones <em>mute</em> a la expresividad que te sale tan natural en tu primer idioma.</p><h2>La ciencia de hablar con todo el cuerpo</h2><p>Cada idioma tiene su dialecto f&#237;sico. En India, existe el<em> head bobble</em>: ese suave balanceo lateral de la cabeza que puede significar <em>s&#237;, est&#225; bien, te escucho</em> o <em>sigue</em> dependiendo de la velocidad y el contexto. Ning&#250;n libro de frases lo ense&#241;a, pero si no lo captas, vas a malinterpretar la mitad de las conversaciones.<br><br>En Brasil, el <em>venha c&#225;</em> se hace con los dedos juntos, la palma hacia abajo, moviendo la mano hacia ti para llamar a alguien. En Estados Unidos, la misma intenci&#243;n se comunica al rev&#233;s: con la palma hacia arriba y los dedos movi&#233;ndose hacia ti. <br><br>En Jap&#243;n, la profundidad de una reverencia carga informaci&#243;n que las palabras no transmiten: gratitud, disculpa, respeto, jerarqu&#237;a. Incl&#237;nate mal y habr&#225;s dicho algo que no quer&#237;as decir.<br><br>Cada uno de estos gestos hace trabajo ling&#252;&#237;stico. Cargan significado, contexto e informaci&#243;n social que las palabras solas no transmiten.<br><br>La ling&#252;ista <a href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/gestures-and-second-language-acquisition-2/">Marianne Gullberg</a> de la Universidad de Lund ha dedicado d&#233;cadas a estudiar c&#243;mo el gesto y el habla forman un solo sistema integrado. Su investigaci&#243;n muestra que cuando los aprendices gesticulan mientras hablan, reducen su carga cognitiva. Es decir, gesticular libera espacio mental, las palabras salen m&#225;s f&#225;cil y el habla fluye mejor. Tus manos no solo ilustran lo que dices, le est&#225;n ayudando a tu cerebro a procesar y producir el lenguaje.<br><br>Gullberg descubri&#243; que cuando alguien habla en su segundo idioma, sus gestos suelen seguir los patrones de su primer idioma. Nuestro cuerpo se aferra a la lengua materna incluso cuando nuestra boca explora territorios nuevos.</p><h2>Un gesto vale m&#225;s que mil palabras</h2><p>En Latinoam&#233;rica, el cuerpo lleva conversaciones que las palabras solas no alcanzan a expresar. El se&#241;alamiento con la barbilla, esto casi no se ve en Estados Unidos. Pero en Centroam&#233;rica y el Caribe, la gente usa la barbilla para se&#241;alar algo o a alguien. Es sutil. Es eficiente. Y si alguna vez has estado en un cuarto lleno de t&#237;as y viste a una de ellas dirigir tu atenci&#243;n silenciosamente hacia la nueva pareja de alguien usando nada m&#225;s que su barbilla y una ceja levantada, sabes que comunica m&#225;s de lo que un dedo se&#241;alando jam&#225;s podr&#237;a.<br><br>Despu&#233;s est&#225; el <em>toque del ojo</em>. Tocar con el dedo &#237;ndice justo debajo de un ojo. En toda Latinoam&#233;rica y Espa&#241;a significa ten cuidado. El contexto cambia el significado: una madre lo hace a un ni&#241;o desde el otro lado del cuarto y es una advertencia. Una amiga lo hace mientras cuenta una historia y significa <em>&#191;puedes creerlo?</em><br><br>Y nunca quieres ser el sujeto del <em>codazo del taca&#241;o</em>. Si ves a alguien toc&#225;ndose el codo con la mano contraria, est&#225; se&#241;alando que alguien es <em>codo</em>. Ni siquiera hay que decirlo: solo toca el codo y todos en la mesa saben de qui&#233;n hablan.<br><br>Estos gestos no aparecen en ning&#250;n libro de texto. Pero todos cargan significado. Cuando entiendas que unos labios fruncidos se&#241;alando hacia la puerta significan &#171;ponlo all&#225;&#187;, decodificaste lenguaje.</p><h2>El cuerpo gringo habla otro idioma</h2><p>Pero si est&#225;s aprendiendo ingl&#233;s en Estados Unidos, tambi&#233;n hay un vocabulario f&#237;sico que nadie te ense&#241;a y que puede dejarte completamente perdido.<br><br>Est&#225; el <em>finger curl</em>: el dedo &#237;ndice curv&#225;ndose con la palma hacia arriba. En Estados Unidos simplemente significa ven ac&#225;. Pero si creciste en Latinoam&#233;rica, ese gesto puede parecer grosero, sugestivo, un gesto que se usa para llamar a un animal, no a una persona.<br><br>Luego est<code>&#225;</code> el <em>head nod</em>: ese levantamiento r&#225;pido de barbilla que los estadounidenses le dan a un desconocido al pasar. Sin palabras. Sin detenerse. Significa &#171;te vi&#187; y nada m&#225;s. Si vienes de una cultura donde pasas, saludas, preguntas por la familia, ese movimiento de cabeza puede parecer despectivo. O peor: puede que ni lo registres como comunicaci&#243;n.<br><br>Tambi&#233;n est&#225; el <em>lean-back</em>: esa forma de reclinarse en la silla con los brazos detr&#225;s de la cabeza o un brazo sobre la silla de al lado. En Estados Unidos, se lee como confianza y comodidad, especialmente en reuniones. Pero para alguien que viene de una cultura donde la postura comunica respeto, esa posici&#243;n puede leerse como arrogancia, como un &#171;me vale&#187;. Es lo opuesto a inclinarse hacia adelante, que es como muchos latinoamericanos se&#241;alamos que estamos presentes y atentos.<br><br>Y no olvidemos la <em>tight-lipped smile</em>: esa sonrisa con la boca cerrada que los estadounidenses regalan en pasillos, elevadores, o al cruzarse en la calle. Sin dientes, labios apretados, un leve movimiento de cabeza. Es la amabilidad m&#237;nima viable. Para muchos latinoamericanos, saludar a los dem&#225;s implica expresar buenos deseos, como &#171;buenos d&#237;as&#187; o &#171;buen provecho&#187;. Una sonrisa sin acompa&#241;arla de palabras puede resultar confusa.&#191;Esta persona est&#225; siendo amable o fr&#237;a? T&#233;cnicamente es un saludo, pero uno al que no estamos acostumbrados. Es como intentar descifrar el significado del gesto de &#171;le&#237;do&#187; en WhatsApp.</p><h2>Mu&#233;vete</h2><p>Yo nunca aprend&#237; la ciencia de hablar con las manos en la escuela. En casa, Abuelita simplemente bajaba la barbilla y te miraba por encima de sus lentes. Eso solo comunicaba un p&#225;rrafo entero de desaprobaci&#243;n. Ella sab&#237;a c&#243;mo hablar con todo lo que ten&#237;a, y hoy me encuentro usando gestos similares en ambos idiomas. Antes de ver ese video vergonzoso, ya me hab&#237;an llamado expresiva, animada, y hasta me dijeron &#8220;my, what big eyes you have&#8221; cuando hablaba en ingl&#233;s.<br><br>Eso es lo que la investigaci&#243;n de Gullberg confirma: tu identidad gestual es profunda. Est&#225; ligada a la cultura donde primero aprendiste a comunicarte. Y no cambia simplemente cuando cambias de idioma. Lo que significa que si est&#225;s aprendiendo un nuevo idioma, tambi&#233;n tienes que aprender a moverte en &#233;l.</p><h2>T&#225;ctica METAling&#252;&#237;stica #12: Observa c&#243;mo habla tu cuerpo</h2><p>Esta t&#225;ctica es sobre la auto-observaci&#243;n. Antes de intentar adoptar los gestos de un nuevo idioma, nota los que ya usas.</p><p>Empieza una conversaci&#243;n con alguien de confianza, en tu idioma dominante. Luego pon atenci&#243;n": &#191;Qu&#233; hacen tus manos? Ahora observa tu cara. &#191;Tus cejas marcan lo que est&#225;s diciendo? &#191;Tus labios hacen algo m&#225;s que formar palabras?</p><p>Una vez que veas tus propios patrones, tendr&#225;s una l&#237;nea base. Desde ah&#237;, empieza a observar a hablantes de tu idioma meta con el sonido apagado. Un <em>reality show</em> gringo, una entrevista de YouTube, un comentarista de f&#250;tbol americano. &#191;Qu&#233; hacen sus manos? &#191;C&#243;mo se mueve su cara?</p><p>Con el tiempo, vas a empezar a ver un idioma que quiz&#225;s hab&#237;as pasado por alto.</p><p>Despu&#233;s, adopta un gesto. Solo uno. Prueba el <em>head nod</em> cuando pases al lado de alguien en el pasillo del trabajo. Intenta la <em>tight-lipped smile</em> en el elevador, sin re&#237;r.</p><p>Quiz&#225;s te sientas raro al principio. Es la misma sensaci&#243;n que tuviste la primera vez que pronunciaste una <em>th</em> o usaste el <em>present perfect </em>para decir<em> &#8220;</em>I have always talked with my hands&#8221;. Esa leve incomodidad significa que est&#225;s aprendiendo.</p><p>Tu idioma dominante moldea c&#243;mo te mueves, qu&#233; haces con tus manos, lo que dice tu cara cuando tu boca todav&#237;a no alcanza. Tu segundo idioma te pide que aprendas una nueva coreograf&#237;a.</p><p>En ese video mudo, ah&#237; estoy yo: moviendo los brazos, levantando las cejas, dando ese mismo asentimiento de &#171;te lo dije&#187; que me dio mi abuelita. Gestos salvadore&#241;os en una presentaci&#243;n en ingl&#233;s. Mi cuerpo no cambi&#243; de idioma.</p><p>As&#237; que pon atenci&#243;n. Adopta el gesto. Deja que tu cuerpo les alcance a tus palabras.</p><p>Porque a veces lo m&#225;s fluido que puedes hacer es saludar con la <em>tight lipped smile</em>.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-cant-talk-my-hands-are-tied/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://sabadoschool.substack.com/p/i-cant-talk-my-hands-are-tied/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><h2></h2>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>